This change in the industrial evolution was marked by the growth of two principal manufactures. One of them was the manufacture of cotton. The cotton industry was one of the oldest industries of India, but during 100 years between 1750 and 1850 it had fallen into a complete state of decrepitude. Attempts were made to resuscitate the industry on a capitalistic basis in the sixties of the nineteenth century and soon showed signs of rapid advance. The story of its progress is graphically illustrated in the following summary table:— TABLE XVII _The Development of Indian Cotton Trade and Industry_ ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Growth of Trade (Average Annual Quantities in each Quinquennium). ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 1870–71 1875–76 1880–81 1885–86 1890–91 to to to to to 1874–75. 1879–80. 1884–85. 1889–90. 1894–95. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Imports of raw 23 52 51 74 89 cotton—thousands of cwts. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Exports of raw 5,236 3,988 5,477 5,330 4,660 cotton—thousands of cwts. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Imports of twist 33·55 33·55 44·34 49·09 44·79 and yarn ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Growth of Industry (at end of each fifth year). ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Number of mills 48 58 81 114 143 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Number of 1,000 1,471 2,037 2,935 3,712 spindles—000 omitted ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Number of looms—000 10 13 16 22 34 omitted ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Number of persons — 39,537 61,836 99,224 — employed ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Another industry which figured largely in this expansion of Indian manufactures was jute. Unlike the cotton industry [pg 103] of India, the jute industry was of a comparatively recent origin. Its growth, different from that of the cotton industry, was fostered by the application of European capital, European management, and European skill, and it soon took as deep roots as the cotton industry and flourished as well as it did, if not better. Its history was one of continued progress.