the Apostles,’ maintained, the more obvious and natural interpretation is, that they were cited by those Presbyters themselves. This being so, it is not of much consequence whether Irenæus had this information of these views and citations, from Papias (from whom he had obtained like information upon other subjects as to the sayings of the Presbyters), or whether Irenæus had this information of their sayings from other sources. In either event the quotations were made _either_ by Papias, his contemporaries, or predecessors, “disciples of the Apostles.” And of this opinion are Charteris (Canonicity, c. 17, of the Introduction), and Routh, Tischendorf, Wescott, Dorner and Riggenback, as cited in “Supernatural Religion” p. 604. CHAPTER IV. THE MEMOIRS INTENDED BY JUSTIN MARTYR.[1] Great importance attaches to them in connection with other facts. The date of Justin’s birth is uncertain, being placed as early as A.D. 85, and as late as A.D. 114; Rev. Mr. Wright says about A.D. 100. His martyrdom was about A.D. 165. His father and grandfather were probably of Roman origin. Before his conversion to Christianity, he studied in the schools of the philosophers, but after that he became an Evangelist, and a vigorous writer in defence of the Christian faith. It is probable that he travelled much. He was not the first that wrote an Apology for Christians, but his are the earliest extant. Besides these, he wrote a much larger work (the Dialogue with Trypho, a Jew), a work on the resurrection, and some others; and by some, he has been regarded as the author of the Pastor Hermas. His first and principal Apology, of the probable date of A.D. 138-9, was addressed as follows: “To the Emperor Titus Ælius Adrianus Antoninus Pius Augustus Cæsar, and to his son Verissimus, the philosopher, and to Lucius, the philosopher, the natural son of Cæsar, and the adopted son of Pius, a lover of learning, and to the Sacred Senate, with the whole people of the Romans, I, Justin, the son of Priscus and grandson of Bacchius, native of Flavia Neapolis in Palestine, present this address and petition in behalf of those of all nations who are unjustly hated and wantonly abused, myself being one of them.” Those to whom this formal address was made, would not be expected to know anything about Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John; but it was otherwise, in respect to the Old Testament, for Jewish synagogues were in every city, and the Septuagint had been known for three hundred years. In this Apology he explains some of the teachings of our Lord, and the usages of his disciples; and in respect to the last, are these passages: