Theophilus of Antioch, _as early_ as A.D. 180, not only quotes from the Fourth Gospel, as Scripture, but names John as its author, as follows:[4] “As the Holy Scriptures, and all who have the Spirit, teach us, among whom John says, ‘In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God;’ signifying that God alone was in the beginning, and that the Word was in him. And then he says, the Word was God, and all things were made by Him, and without him there was not anything made.” Theophilus also wrote a Commentary upon the Gospels. Before this time, also, our Gospels and Acts had been included in a list[5] of canonical books received in the churches. They were in their present order, and, as far as their authorship is stated, are attributed to the persons whose names are now assigned to them. And before[6] this date, Celsus (who anticipated Strauss by seventeen hundred years) had cited alleged contradictions in the Gospels, and particularly as to there being one or two angels at the sepulchre. He attempted to ridicule the idea that blood and water came from Jesus’ side—a fact that is stated only in John. He refers to the fact that Christ “after his death arose, and showed the marks of his punishment, and how his hands had been pierced.” Although he does not _name_ the authors of the books, yet his numerous quotations correspond with them, including Luke and John. And in respect to all of the discrepancies, etc., he says: “All these things I have taken out of your own books,” i. e. Scriptures. “We need,” says he, “no after witness, for you fall upon your own swords.” His work has not come down to us except as contained in Origen’s writings, which, however, quote so fully from it, that it is nearly reproduced. And ten years[7] before this time, Tatian, who had been a disciple of Justin (but after Justin’s death became heretical), wrote a Commentary or Harmony upon the Gospels. He called it Diatesseron, which means the Gospel of the Four. The celebrated Syrian, Father Ephræm, who died A.D. 373, wrote a commentary on it. Bar-Salibi, who flourished in the last part of the twelfth century, was also well acquainted with Tatian’s work; and says that it began with John i. 1: “_In the beginning was the Word_.” Before this date, Heracleon, a disciple of the Gnostic Valentine, wrote a commentary upon the Fourth Gospel. The work is known[8] to us through many fragments, which Origen has woven into his own commentary on the same Gospel.