The maps are those prepared by the late Dr. Kiepert for the original German. Modern and medieval names are printed in letters slanting backwards; in Maps VIII. and IX. old Oriental names are included in square brackets. The presence of a few German terminations or words on some of the maps will, I hope, cause little trouble. F. HAVERFIELD. CONTENTS BOOK EIGHTH _THE PROVINCES AND PEOPLE, FROM CAESAR TO DIOCLETIAN_ PAGE INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER I. THE NORTHERN FRONTIER OF ITALY 7 CHAPTER II. SPAIN 63 CHAPTER III. THE GALLIC PROVINCES 78 CHAPTER IV. ROMAN GERMANY AND THE FREE GERMANS 117 CHAPTER V. BRITAIN 170 CHAPTER VI. THE DANUBIAN LANDS AND THE WARS ON THE DANUBE 195 CHAPTER VII. GREEK EUROPE 252 CHAPTER VIII. ASIA MINOR 320 MAPS I. to VIII. INDEX From Vol. II. BOOK EIGHTH. THE PROVINCES AND PEOPLE FROM CAESAR TO DIOCLETIAN. Go through the world and converse with every one. FIRDUSI. INTRODUCTION. The history of Rome under the Empire presents problems similar to those encountered in the history of the earlier Republic. Such information as may be directly obtained from literary tradition is not merely without form and colour, but in fact for the most part without substance. The list of the Roman monarchs is just about as trustworthy and just about as instructive as that of the consuls of the republic. The great crises that convulsed the state may be discerned in outline; but we are not much better informed as to the Germanic wars under the emperors Augustus and Marcus, than as to the wars with the Samnites. The republican store of anecdote is very much more decorous than its counterpart under the empire; but the tales told of Fabricius and of the emperor Gaius are almost equally insipid and equally mendacious. The internal development of the commonwealth is perhaps exhibited in the traditional accounts more fully for the earlier republic than for the imperial period; in the former case there is preserved a picture--however bedimmed and falsified--of the changes of political order that were brought at least to their ultimate issue in the open Forum of Rome; in the latter case the arrangements are settled in the imperial cabinet, and come before the public, as a rule, merely in unimportant matters of form. We must take into account, moreover, the vast extension of the sphere of rule, and the shifting of the vital development from the centre to the circumference. The history of the city of Rome widens out into that of the country of Italy, and the latter into that of the Mediterranean world; and of what we are most