very real assistance in these matters from the science of Psychology is no longer hopeless. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 2: H. G. Wells, "The Passionate Friends", 195.] CHAPTER II THE PRIMITIVE EMOTIONS IN RELATION TO THE FAMILY [Sidenote: Psycho-analysis and the study of the Unconscious] The progress that has recently been made in our understanding of the importance and nature of the psychological problems connected with family life is to a very considerable extent due to the work of a single school of psychologists--the so-called psycho-analytic school, which owes its origin to Prof. Sigmund Freud of Vienna. The success that has attended the efforts of this school has arisen principally from the fact that the psycho-analysts have not confined their researches to the conscious contents of the mind directly discoverable by introspection, but have sought also to investigate the subconscious or unconscious factors which enter into human conduct and mentation[3]. To assume the existence of unconscious mental processes has seemed to some to involve an open contradiction in terms; but at the present day there are few if any psychologists who think that a satisfactory science of the mind can be erected on the basis of the study of consciousness only. Even before Psychology had definitely acquired the status of an independent science, thinkers like Leibnitz, Schopenhauer, Fechner, Helmholtz, Hartmann, Nietzsche, had realised that a complete account of the nature and origin of the phenomena of consciousness required the postulation of some force outside consciousness, or at any rate outside the main stream of consciousness, which yet appeared to react upon and co-operate with consciousness, and which could be interpreted and understood in terms of conscious process.