Further, the study of religion shows that the conceptions which religion has formed as to the nature and working of the Universe have arisen as products of the human emotions, having no necessary counterparts in the real world; much the same indeed in this respect as the inventions of the fairy stories and imaginative games of childhood or the day-dreams, romances and novels of a later age. In adult life such phantasies must either be abandoned or, if indulged in, recognised for what they are--productions of the mind which, apart from objective evidence, have no valid claim upon reality. They may indeed guide us in our ideals and aspirations and so lead ultimately to the reconstruction of the outer world through our own efforts, but in themselves they must be held distinct from the order of reality belonging to this outer world. Only so will Man achieve his full stature and be able to play that part in Nature's scheme of things to which, in virtue of his intellectual powers and his moral aspirations, he appears to be entitled. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 162: "Principles of Sociology." Vol. I.] [Footnote 163: A fear which, as modern psychological knowledge seems to show, is largely the result of the guilty conscience of the living; the feelings of hostility (including of course death wishes) which the living had experienced towards the dead during their lifetime being projected on to the dead (in accordance with the now familiar mechanism, which can be studied most clearly in psychopathological disorders such as Paranoia; _cp._ above pp. 116, 130); as a result of which the dead are conceived as being on the whole evilly disposed towards the living and consequently to be feared. Hence the very general fear of ghosts. _Cp._ Freud, "Totem and Taboo," 88 ff.] [Footnote 164: For numerous examples, see Herbert Spencer, "Principles of Sociology." Vol. I, Part I, Ch. 20. p. 280 ff.] [Footnote 165: _Cp._ W. McDougall, "Social Psychology," 1908, pp. 84 ff., 296 ff. W. Trotter, "Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War," 1916.] [Footnote 166: A clear and instructive examination of the whole question is given by Frazer, "Totemism and Exogamy," Vol. IV.]