The Need of Stronger Elementary Bonds Early Mastery The Strength of Bonds for Temporary Service The Strength of Bonds with Technical Facts and Terms The Strength of Bonds Concerning the Reasons for Arithmetical Processes Propædeutic Bonds VI. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DRILL IN ARITHMETIC: THE AMOUNT OF PRACTICE AND THE ORGANIZATION OF ABILITIES 122 The Amount of Practice Under-learning and Over-learning The Organization of Abilities VII. THE SEQUENCE OF TOPICS: THE ORDER OF FORMATION OF BONDS 141 Conventional _versus_ Effective Orders Decreasing Interference and Increasing Facilitation Interest General Principles VIII. THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRACTICE 156 The Problem Sample Distributions Possible Improvements IX. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THINKING: ABSTRACT IDEAS AND GENERAL NOTIONS IN ARITHMETIC 169 Responses to Elements and Classes Facilitating the Analysis of Elements Systematic and Opportunistic Stimuli to Analysis Adaptations to Elementary-school Pupils X. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THINKING: REASONING IN ARITHMETIC 185 The Essentials of Arithmetical Reasoning Reasoning as the Coöperation of Organized Habits XI. ORIGINAL TENDENCIES AND ACQUISITIONS BEFORE SCHOOL 195 The Utilization of Instinctive Interests The Order of Development of Original Tendencies Inventories of Arithmetical Knowledge and Skill The Perception of Number and Quantity The Early Awareness of Number XII. INTEREST IN ARITHMETIC 209 Censuses of Pupils' Interests Relieving Eye Strain Significance for Related Activities Intrinsic Interest in Arithmetical Learning XIII. THE CONDITIONS OF LEARNING 227 External Conditions The Hygiene of the Eyes in Arithmetic The Use of Concrete Objects in Arithmetic Oral, Mental, and Written Arithmetic XIV. THE CONDITIONS OF LEARNING: THE PROBLEM ATTITUDE 266 Illustrative Cases General Principles Difficulty and Success as Stimuli False Inferences XV. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 285 Nature and Amount Differences within One Class The Causes of Individual Differences The Interrelations of Individual Differences BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES 302 INDEX 311 GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SUBJECTS