1. Compare R.T. Dana and W.L. Sanders, _Rock Drilling_, chap. XVI. 2. The idea of perfection is not involved in the standard of Scientific Management. Morris Llewellyn Cooke, Bulletin No. 5, of _The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching_, p. 6. 3. _Cost of Manufactures_. 4. Sully, _The Teacher's Handbook of Psychology_, pp. 290-292. 5. C.B. Going, _Methods of the Sante Fe_, p. 66. 6. For desirability of standard signals see R.T. Dana, _Handbook of Steam Shovel Work_, p. 32. 7. Stratton, _Experimental Psychology and Culture_, pp. 268-269. 8. F.W. Taylor, _Shop Management,_ para. 285, Harper Ed., pp. 123-124. 9. F.W. Taylor, _Shop Management,_ revised 1911, pp. 124-125. 10. F.W. Taylor, _On the Art of Cutting Metals_, A.S.M.E., No. 1119. 11. Stratton, _Experimental Psychology and Culture_, p. 11. 12. Mary Whiton Calkins, _A First Book in Psychology_, p. 65. 13. C.G. Barth, A.S.M.E., Vol. 25, Paper 1010, p. 46. 14. Charles Babbage, _On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures_, Secs. 224-225. Adam Smith, _Wealth of Nations_, Book 1, chap. 1, p. 4. 15. F.W. Taylor, paper 1119, A.S.M.E., para. 51; para. 98-100. 16. F.A. Parkhurst, _Applied Methods of Scientific Management, Industrial Engineering_, Oct. 1911, p. 251. 17. H.L. Gantt, paper 928, A.S.M.E., para. 15. ==================================================================== CHAPTER VII RECORDS AND PROGRAMMES DEFINITION OF RECORD.--A record is, according to the Century Dictionary--"something set down in writing or delineated for the purpose of preserving memory; specifically a register; an authentic or official copy of any writing, or an account of any fact and proceedings, whether public or private, usually entered in a book for preservation; also the book containing such copy or account."[1] The synonyms given are "note, chronicle, account, minute, memorandum." FEW WRITTEN RECORDS UNDER TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT.--For the purposes of this preliminary study of records, emphasis will be laid on the fact that the record is written. Under Traditional Management there are practically no such labor records. What records are kept are more in the nature of "bookkeeping records," as Gillette and Dana call them, records "showing debits and credits between different accounts." In many cases, under Traditional Management, not even such records of profit or loss from an individual piece of work were kept, the manager, in extreme cases, oftentimes "keeping his books in his head" and having only the vaguest idea of the state of his finances.