The bibliography shows the main sources of the facts and the theories that have been drawn upon in writing the book. Some of the chapters have been read in a little different form as lectures before President G. Stanley Hall's seminar at Clark University. More or less of repetition, made necessary in order to make these papers, which were read at considerable intervals, independent of one another, has been allowed to remain. Perhaps in the printed form this reiteration will help to emphasize the general psychological basis of the study. CONTENTS Preface v PART I NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE MOTIVES OF WAR CHAPTER I ORIGINS AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 II UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES, THE REVERSION THEORIES OF WAR, AND THE INTOXICATION MOTIVE 17 III INSTINCTS IN WAR: FEAR, HATE, THE AGGRESSIVE IMPULSE, MOTIVES OF COMBAT AND DESTRUCTION, THE SOCIAL INSTINCT 38 IV AESTHETIC ELEMENTS IN THE MOODS AND IMPULSES OF WAR 70 V PATRIOTISM, NATIONALISM AND NATIONAL HONOR 78 VI "CAUSES" AS PRINCIPLES AND ISSUES IN WAR 97 VII PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES 110 VIII RELIGIOUS AND MORAL INFLUENCES 117 IX ECONOMIC FACTORS AND MOTIVES 128 X POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL FACTORS 142 XI THE SYNTHESIS OF CAUSES 153 PART II THE EDUCATIONAL FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONS I EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE DAY 161 II INTERNATIONALISM AND THE SCHOOL 168 III INTERNATIONALISM AND THE SCHOOL _Continued_ 184 IV PEACE AND MILITARISM 197 V THE TEACHING OF PATRIOTISM 211 VI THE TEACHING OF PATRIOTISM _Continued_ 226 VII POLITICAL EDUCATION IN A DEMOCRACY 242 VIII INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION 269 IX NEW SOCIAL PROBLEMS 290 X RELIGION AND EDUCATION AFTER THE WAR 305 XI HUMANISM 309 XII AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE IN EDUCATION 315 XIII MOODS AND EDUCATION: A REVIEW 319 BIBLIOGRAPHY 327 INDEX 331 PART I NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE MOTIVES OF WAR THE PSYCHOLOGY OF NATIONS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY CHAPTER I ORIGINS AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS