Brotherhoods, 90 ff.; influence of, on wages, 95, n.; strength of, 238. _See also_ Labor. Canals, advantages of, to railroads, 176. Capital, 4; relation of, to earnings, 17; Conductor, efficiency of the present-day, 45. Cooperation of public vital to railroads, 179. Cost of living, how influenced by railroads, 6. _De Luxe_ trains, economic wisdom of, 228. Deficits, how met, 18. _See also_ Railroads. Droege, John A., 211, 214. Efficiency, 12, 15; relation of, to economy, 13. Eight-hour day legislation, 220, 236, 257. Electricity as motive power, 105, 125, 129; advantages of, 113 ff.; in Boston, 114; in Chicago, 117; in Philadelphia, 119; to freight traffic, 131; to railroad systems as a whole, 129, 132; to suburban systems, 121; transformation of gravity pull into motive energy, 131. Elliott, Howard, 179. Embargoes: cause of, 9; effect of, 15, 159; motor truck, value of, in case of, 160. Emerson, Harrington, 99. Employees, number of, in interests allied to railroads, 5; number of, on steam railroads, 5. Engineer, efficiency of the present-day, 33 ff. Engineering problems in relation to increase of passenger traffic, 109. Excess-fare trains, 222, 226; pending inauguration of, on western railroads, 227. Extensions, difficulty of raising funds for, 26, n. Freight and passenger traffic, economic difference between, 232. Freight cars, number and condition of, in use, 24; number needed per year, 22, n. _See also_ Railroads. Freight feeder for railroad, automobile and motor truck recommended as, 158, 162. Freight gateways as housing places of affiliated industries, 166. Freight terminals, development of, 169. Full-Crew Bill, the, 219; legislation regarding, 247. German railroads, efficiency of, 188. Government ownership, 259. Grade crossings, extent of removal of, 20-21. Grain, cost of transportation of, 8. Grand Central Station, the, 107, 110. Gray, Carl R., 179, 211. Harriman, E. H., 179. Harrison, Fairfax, 211. Hill, James J., 19, 21, 179. Hine, Major Charles, 212. Holden, Hale, 179. Hustis, James H., 179. Interstate Commerce Commission, effectiveness of, 253; enlargement of powers of, 258. Labor, bonus payments, 97 ff.; brotherhoods, affiliation of labor with, 90; improvement in quality of, 31; relations of organized, with the railroads, 30, 56; unorganized labor, interests and responsibilities of, 62 ff.; wage adjustments between railroads and employees, 56 ff.; wages of, 92 ff. Labor question, the, 3, 4. Legislation, conflict of state, 245 ff. Liquor, opposition of railroads to its use by employees, 31. Locomotives, number ordered per year, 24, n. Markham, Charles H., 179, 211. Mellen, Charles S., 196. Military Reserve Corps among railroad men, 212.