Negro, value of the, in railroad work, 73. Nonunion labor, employment of, 238. Noonan, William T., 179. Operation, what it involves, 18. _See also_ Railroads. Pacific coast, service of railroads in defense of, 200. Panic of 1907, effect of, 26. Passenger and freight traffic, economic difference between, 232. Passenger-mile, statistics of, 17; unit of traffic, 17. Passenger rates, increases in, 220; prospects for future increase in, 229, 233. _See also_ Railroads. Passenger service, state of, 25, n. _See also_ Passenger-mile. Pullman cars, comparison of, with European cars, 224. Pullman Company, control by, of sleeping and parlor cars, 224. Railroad fares, effect of automobile on rate of, 139 ff. Railroads, and national defense, 181; army operation of, in case of war, 207; as military lines of communication, 191 ff.; banker control of, 254; betterments and additions, expenditures for, 18; capitalization of, 14; car famine now existing, 22, n., 23; condition of, in case of present-day war, 185; in Middle West and South, 19; congestion, effect of, on, 15; cooperation of public vital to, 179; cost of living, how affected by, 6; credit of, affected, 16; debt of American farmer to, 8; deficits, how met, 18; depreciation fund, an asset, when, 28; development extent of, yet needed, 21; difficulties under which they labor, 2; double-track, military value of, 202; needed, 21; earnings of, in relation to capital, 17; efficiency, as applied to, 12; emergencies, ability of, to meet, 214; employees, number of, on, 5; equipment, 25; federal incorporation of, 256; flexibility of equipment of, 210; freight and passenger traffic, economic difference between, 232; German military use of, 188; governmental operation of, in case of war, 206; inadequacy of, to meet needs of nation, 15, n.; labor and tax, 31 ff.; locomotives, condition of, in operation by, 25, and note; losses, extent of, 29; necessity and value of, to the country, 217; operating, cost of, in relation to capital and earnings, 17; opportunity of, 105; passenger rates, part played by, in cost of operation, 232; part played by, in Civil War, 182; possibilities of development for, 151 ff., 158, 163, 166, 171, 176; receiverships of, 10-12; regulation of, 235, 240 ff.; rehabilitation, extent of, needed, 29; relations of, with employees, 30; resources of, need for study of, 177; service of, in defense of Pacific coast, 200; service of, in defense of Atlantic coast, 192; superiority of, in 1898, over those in Civil War, 184; seizure of, by government, 258; trained officials necessary for efficient handling of, 208; upkeep, failure of, to meet, 23; value of, to the nation, in time of war, 181; wealth of the nation, how affected by, 6;