even root, the callus and roots may be cut away without great injury to the cuttings. If the cuttings are dry, they should be soaked for a few hours in tepid water, and afterwards buried in moist sand. This treatment is often useful for imported cuttings which have been injured in transit. They often recover vigor wonderfully fast, and should never be given up for lost as long as there is any green-colored cambium left, in which the sap may again be brought into circulation. _Various Methods of Grafting._--The general way to graft is to graft on old stocks. Vines of one variety are thus changed into the variety we wish to grow, and from which the scions are taken. The first step is to dig away the soil from the vines down to the first roots, which should be done by a separate gang of men. Next the stocks are sawed off horizontally at the first roots, or say from four to six inches below the surface of the soil. This should also be done by separate hands so as to insure rapidity and skill in the work. Some grafters saw off the stocks somewhat slanting, so as to cause them to shed the sap which always exudes from the stump. Next in order comes the splitting of the wood of the stock and the insertion of the grafts. This requires care and skill, and should not be done by careless hands. The splitting of the stock is done in several different ways, and to accomplish it we can either use a knife and a wooden mallet or a hand-saw. If the former is used, the knife must be sharp and thick, so as to stand the blows of the mallet. Some growers even use a sharp chisel. If a saw is the tool used,--and I prefer it every time,--the edges of the old wood should afterwards be pared off smoothly with a sharp knife, so as to leave no rough marks of the teeth of the saw. The stock is split straight across, as in the cleft graft, and one scion is then inserted at each end of the cleft on opposite sides of the stock; or the stock is split on one side only, care being taken that the cleft does not extend across the stump, and in this cleft a scion is carefully fitted as before; or a wedge-shaped piece may be sawed out or cut out of the stock, and of the size that can be fitted by a scion. It makes but little difference what method is used, as with ordinary care and skill the scions will take quite readily. Even if they should entirely fail, the same stocks may be grafted over next fall or next year, as they keep their vitality almost unimpaired for years after they are cut. It is only necessary to saw them off until fresh wood is reached. [Illustration: Simple Lateral Cleft Graft, 1_a._ Splitting the Trunk, 1_b._ The Scion, 1_c._ The Beveled End of the Latter, 1_d._ Scion and Stock Joined. 2. Simple Transversal Cleft Graft with Two Scions. 3. Cleft Grafting with a Cutting Graft. Champin Graft, or Graft on a Rooted Vine. 4_a._ Graft and Stock Before being Joined. 4_b._ The Same After being Joined. All after Aimé Champin’s “Vine Grafting.”]