Sufficient sulphuring is always noticeable in the vineyard by its smell, and, when this smell is strong and pronounced, no further sulphuring is required. The sulphur is applied to the vines either by the “dredger” (or dust-can) or by a pair of sulphur bellows. The dredger is used when the vines are small, while the bellows are necessary to spread the sulphur evenly when the vines have reached a certain size. Many growers use, during the first sulphuring, small burlap bags filled with sulphur. The meshes of the burlaps are large enough to allow the sulphur to go through. The sulphur should be finely pulverized to be effective, and the sublimated French sulphur is by many considered the best. The cost of sulphuring varies according to the size of the vines, but is generally about three dollars per acre. Young vines under three years of age require little sulphuring, while older vines require a great deal. About ten tons of sulphur will be enough for 160 acres. _Tying Over._--The tying over of the branches is another vineyard operation much used in the interior raisin districts, generally in the end of June or the middle of July. It consists in so bending and tying the long, straggling branches of the vine that they will shade the grapes hanging in the center. The long branch is bent, not in a direct line towards the center, as it would then expose too many of the lower grape bunches, but in a spiral direction round the vine. If there is any fear that the grapes will be exposed and sunburned, and the vines have not been properly summer pruned, the tying over is the only process by which great loss can be prevented and the grape crop saved. In tying over, no twine is used. The end of the long branch is twisted and fastened to other branches, and, when the grapes are ripe and the picking season comes, a single light pull will suffice to untie all and allow the grapes to be picked. Great care should be used in tying over, lest the lower branches become exposed and sunburned. Careless or inexperienced laborers will often accomplish a great deal of work and a great deal of harm in an incredibly short time. I have seen vineyards where more harm was done by tying over than by the sun and wind combined.