From now on the religious reform movement became the most important
topic of general discussion everywhere and among all intelligent
classes of Polish society. The abuses, faults, and shortcomings of the
church were being keenly felt and freely talked about. Questions of
faith, doctrine, and church dogmas were engaging everybody’s attention,
and were discussed on every occasion and at every opportunity. They
constituted the main topic of conversation, and sometimes of heated
discussion, at dinners, feasts, and social gatherings, particularly if
members of the clerical profession were present.[99]
This general interest of the intelligent classes of the Polish people
in the Reformation and the free discussion of the very fundamentals
on which the existing ecclesiastical system rested were creating a
great deal of uneasiness among the higher clergy, and caused them to
put forth still more determined efforts in defense of the old faith
and the old form of worship, not altogether from religious motives but
also from economic and social considerations. The new movement was
undermining their material resources as well as their social position
and influence.[100] Every effort must, therefore, be made and every
means employed to check this movement, if such a thing were possible.
Thus at the Synod of Piotrków in 1542 the clergy resolved to demand of
the king a strict enforcement of the royal edicts against heresy. It
resolved, also, to forbid parents to send their children to heretical
schools; to prohibit the reading of heretical books, which many were
doing under the pretense of trying to qualify themselves to refute the
heresy; to search homes for heretical writings; to enjoin the local
authorities to keep a close watch over the booksellers and printers;
to seize suspected works; and to punish all transgressors immediately
and without delay. The synod of 1544 reaffirmed the stand of the
church on these points, taken at the synod of 1542. All these decrees
remained largely ineffective, for they needed for their enforcement the
cooperation of civil authorities, which, however, could not now readily
be obtained, since all the royal edicts and the synodical decrees
against heresy violated constitutional rights granted the nobility in
the fifteenth century.[101] The synod of 1547 was, therefore, forced
to acknowledge the powerlessness of the church to cope with the new
movement, and to admit that in many dioceses of Poland even the clergy
were seriously affected by the spreading heresy, and that the church
was in imminent danger of being swamped by it.[102]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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