In Little Poland, out of a total of 5,455 villages and 205 towns, the church owned 772 villages, 83 sections, or parts of villages, and 28 towns.[270] Allowing 5.3 villages to a square mile, the proportion then prevalent, 2 sections to a village, and a quarter of a mile to a town, we find that the landed property of the church in Little Poland in the sixteenth century covered an area of 160 square miles in a total of 1,013 square miles, and constituted about 15.5 per cent. of the total estimated land area of the province.[271] This property was about equally divided between the secular clergy and the monastic orders, the former owning 360 villages, 65 sections, and 12 towns, and the latter 372 villages, 18 sections, and 16 towns.[272] Fully one-half of the ecclesiastical lands in Little Poland,--388 villages, 49 sections, and 9 towns, or between 440 and 450 landed estates,--were located in one palatinate, namely, that of Cracow.[273] Mazovia had an area of 578.3 square miles, 5,990 villages numbering 23,361 hides of land under peasant cultivation, and 94 towns. The church here was in possession of 15 towns and 505 villages comprising 5,849 hides of land. This was 16 per cent. of the towns, 8.7 per cent. of the villages, and 25 per cent. of the land under peasant cultivation.[274] The church lands in Mazovia were very intensively cultivated; for while the general proportion of “łanów kmiecych” to a Mazovian village was only 3.9, within the area of ecclesiastical estates the proportion was 11.5. The Palatinate of Podlasie consisted of an area of 173.72 square miles, and numbered in the sixteenth century 1,304 villages, 26 towns, and 14,455 “włók wiejskich,” or village hides of land.[275] Of the 1,304 villages 30, or 2.3 per cent. containing 678.75 “włók wiejskich,” or 4.7 per cent. of the total acreage under village cultivation, were in possession of the Roman Catholic clergy.[276] The apparently small landed property here of the bishopric and the cathedral chapter of Łuck was further supplemented by various income producing privileges like fishing rights, rents, and tolls. For instance, besides his lands the bishop of Łuck had the right to maintain and operate a “liburnam et navigium” on the River Bug near the town of Drohiczyn. On account of its productiveness the operation of this ferry became a bone of contention in 1570 between Christopher Iwanowski and the bishop.[277]