The individual possessions of the Polish bishops, abbots, and cathedral chapters were, by the side of those of the Polish nobles, princely. Speaking generally, they surpassed in size the estates of the secular magnates. The cathedral chapter of Lwów, for instance, had a landed estate of 10 villages,[292] that of Łuck of 5 villages comprising 64 “łanów kmiecych” and covering an area of 0.80 of a square mile,[293] and that of Gniezno of far greater proportions.[294] The landed estate of the cathedral chapter of Cracow consisted of 46 villages, 14 sections, and 1 town.[295] The endowments of monastic institutions were on the whole, of even greater proportions. The monastery of Trzemesz in Great Poland was endowed with 40 villages comprising 200 “włók chłopskich.”[296] In Little Poland the number of monastic institutions was very large, and they were all well provided for. The Abbey of Tyniec, the oldest in the country, possessed 44 villages, 4 sections, and 5 towns; the convent of the Klarysek at Sącz, 48 villages; the monasteries of Miechów, 42 villages, 2 sections, and 1 town; Pokrzywnice, 29 villages, 1 section, and 1 town; Łysa Góra, 21 villages, 1 section, and 2 towns; Sieciechów, 21 villages, 1 section, and 1 town; Jędrzejów, 20 villages, 1 section, and 1 town.[297] In Mazovia, the Abbey of Płock was in possession of 20 villages, and the Abbey of Czerwieńsk of 63 villages.[298] Especially striking as to size were the episcopal estates. The bishop of Poznań owned in the county of Poznań 16 per cent. of the land under peasant cultivation, in Mazovia, 19 villages, and in Little Poland, 3 villages.[299] The bishop of Łuck owned in Podlasie 100 “włók osiadłych,” besides “liburnam et navigium” on the River Bug near Drohiczyn, and in Volhynia 14 villages covering an area of 2.77 square miles.[300] The estate of the bishop of Kamieniec in Podolia consisted of 13 villages and 1 town, covering an area of 2.40 square miles, besides a number of other smaller tracts of land.[301] The bishop of Chełm had 11 villages, 3 towns, and other minor real estate properties. This last estate was evidently a very small episcopal estate; for as late as the beginning of the eighteenth century the bishop of Chełm was regarded as “a sola paupertate commendabilis.”[302] The bishop of Przemyśl was lord of 18 villages and 3 towns, and the archbishop of Lwów of 29 villages and 5 towns.[303] The wealthiest of the Polish prelates were the archbishop of Gniezno, primate of Poland, and the bishops of Płock and Cracow. The archbishop of Gniezno was grand lord of 200 villages; 30 in the county of Gniezno, 20 in the Palatinate of Łęczyce, and 130 in Mazovia in the Palatinates of Rawa and Mazovia, covering 20 square miles.[304] The bishop of Płock was the owner of the most extensive landed possessions in Mazovia. His estate consisted of 232 villages and 6 towns.[305] The landed estates of the bishop of Cracow were the most extensive, numbering from 280 to