To get a still clearer idea of the extent of the landed property of the church in sixteenth century Poland, it will be well to look at it a little more closely in the various sections of the country and compare it with that of the crown and of the nobility. We have seen that in Great Poland the church owned 10.33 per cent. of the land under peasant cultivation, in Little Poland 15.5 per cent. in Mazovia 8.7 per cent. of villages and 25 per cent. of “łanów kmiecych,” in Podlasie 2.3 per cent. of villages and 4.7 per cent. of “włók wiejskich,” and in Red Russia 3 per cent. of the land under peasant cultivation. For Volhynia, Podolia, and Ukraina the figures are very incomplete, and consequently the approximate proportionate amount of church property unknown. But judging by the size of some of the ecclesiastical estates we have observed in these palatinates, it is safe to infer that the percentage of church property in them was not smaller than in the immediately adjoining provinces. Turning our attention now to the crown lands, we discover that in the most important sections of the country they were considerably smaller than those of the church. In Great Poland the crown lands constituted only 9 per cent. of the total property under peasant cultivation,[285] in Little Poland 7.5 per cent.,[286] in Mazovia 4.6 per cent.[287] From this it is evident that in Little Poland and in Mazovia the landed property of the church was more than twice as large as that of the crown. In Great Poland, taken as a whole, the disproportion was not quite as striking; yet in the Palatinate of Łęczyce, where the crown lands formed only 9 per cent., those of the church were more than twice as large, 22 per cent.[288] In Podlasie the crown lands gained in size, assuming a proportion of 19.4 per cent.[289] But in Volhynia and Podolia they were very small in the sixteenth century; in fact, compared with the estates of the church and the secular aristocracy in these provinces, the royal estates were very insignificant there.[290] This disproportion was somewhat made up in Red Russia, where the crown lands comprised 22 per cent. of the total area under peasant cultivation,[291] while those of the church formed only 3 per cent. This comparison reveals clearly the fact that only in two provinces, Podlasie and Red Russia, the royal lands occupied a more favorable position in respect of size than those of the church. In all the other provinces of the country the landed property of the church was larger, in some decidedly larger, than that of the crown. This, as we shall see later, had a very important bearing on royal and state finances, the problem of defense, and the attitude of the Polish nobility toward the church and its clergy. The economic implications in this matter were deeprooted and farreaching.