Palæography--art and science of, 89, 90, 159; development, 90, 92; modern penmanship a questionable accomplishment, 90; writing, crystalized speech, 90, 91; three sources of written language: (1) _Hieroglyphics_, 20, 21, 91-99; (2) _Cuneiform_, 99-104; (3) Alphabetic, 91, 92, 104-112; classic writing a product, 112; two stages of classic writing--"uncial," 113, 114; "minuscule," 113, 114; undeciphered script of ancient Cretans, 100, 108; provincial and national "hands," 115-117; the "ascent" of the Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116; changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117; the "hand" a factor in determining age of writing, 117-119. "Palimpsests"--defined, 63; examples, 63. Paper--origin of, 72, 73; itinerary of progress in making, 72, 73; substances used as "pulp" for, 72; materials for making--cotton, 57, 73, 74; linen, 58, 74; flax and rags, 58, 74; other substances, 72, 74, 78; supercession of other materials by, 75, 76; earliest documents on, 74; "water marks" of, 55, 56; long made by hand, 75; interleaved and "reinforced," 69, 75; improved methods of making, 74-76; complement of the printing-press, 74, 75; "India" paper and tests and examples of, 76, 79. Papyrus--source of, 66; plant described, 67, 101; preparation of, 67, 68; cost, 31, 66; general use of, 66, 70, 71; period of use, 44, 70, 71; commerce in, 70, 71; exportation from Egypt forbidden, 60, 70, 71; roll-books on, 68, 69; "reinforced," 69; subdivision of large rolls on, 139, 140; fragile, 44, 48, 69, 103; the oldest rolls on, 70, 84, 85; the "Prisse" papyrus, 93. Parchment--from skins of animals, 59, 60, 62; preparation of, 60; best material, 60, 61; scarcity and cost and "palimpsests," 63; valuable MSS of Bible on, 52-54, 64, 65. Pergamos--parchment first made at, 60; library of, 137, 145. Pens--for writing, 87; "pen-knife," 87. Pentecost--relation of first to spread of Gospel, 34-36. "Period"--punctuation mark, 124. Phœnicians--developed ideographic alphabet, 105-107, 109, 110; earliest traders and first to need a communicable language, 106; alphabet and Philistines, 106. "Phonetic"--writing, described, 94-96. "Pointings"--a development, 122, 123, 124. "Polyptych"--described, 82. Printing--the invention of, 11-13; reputed examples in China and Japan, 11, 12, 14; Gutenberg the inventor, 13; first types, 13; original press and modern, 13, 28, 29, 30; importance of, 16-18, 28, 29, 75; typography witness to date of, 117, 118; contrasted with oral tradition, 24, 25; "proof correction" an aid to purity of literature, 17, 18. Punctuation--system developed, 120-125; modern, 114, 120, 125; indispensable to literature and commerce, 120-122; system completed, 125.