The Relation of the Hrólfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarímur to Beowulf: A Contribution To The History Of Saga Development In England And The; Scandinavian CountriesOlson, Oscar Ludvig
History
The Relation of the Hrólfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarímur to Beowulf: A Contribution To The History Of Saga Development In England And The; Scandinavian Countries
In the Hroar-Helgi story, the usurper is represented as consulting a
witch in regard to the whereabouts of the young princes. This feature
must also be due to the influence of the Macbeth story; for, though the
purpose for which Frothi and Macbeth consult the witch, or witches, is
not exactly the same, it is the possible future disposition of the
throne that in both instances causes anxiety; and while at first, in
both instances, a prediction, or information, is given that is
favorable, a prediction in both instances is given in conclusion that
is unfavorable. The witches are so conspicuous a feature of the Macbeth
story that they would, of course, attract the attention of the saga-man;
and we naturally expect this feature of the story to leave its impress
on the Hroar-Helgi story. It is a special feature, not found in any of
the other stories considered in this connection, and there can be no
doubt as to whence the Hroar-Helgi story acquired it. The witch in the
saga is called a "seiðkona." Concerning the kind of witchcraft practised
by a "seiðkona," P.A. Munch has the following: "Som den virksomste, men
og som den skjendigste, af al Troldom ansaa vore Forfædre den saakaldte
_Seid_. Hvorledes den udövedes, er ikke ret klart fremstillet ...; den
var forbunden med sang ... Men dette slags Troldom ansaaes ogsaa en Mand
uværdigt, og udövedes derfor sædvanligviis af Kvinder, ligesom dette
ogsaa stedse synes at have gaaet ud paa noget ondt."[155] Thus the
"seiðkona" is exactly the same kind of creature as the witches in the
Macbeth story. Consider, for instance, the disgusting practice in which
Shakespeare represents them as engaging, as they go round the cauldron,
chanting the refrain, "Double, double toil and trouble," etc. W.J. Rolfe
refers to the witches in _Macbeth_ as follows: "Macbeth and his fellow
captain Banquo have performed prodigies of valour in the battle, and are
on their way home from the field when they are met by the three witches,
as Shakespeare calls them, and as they are called in the old chronicle
from which he took the main incidents of his plot. They appear simply to
be the witches of superstition--hags who have gained a measure of
superhuman knowledge and power by a league with Satan, to whom they have
sold their souls and pledged their service."[156] The statements at an
earlier stage of the story in the _Hrólfssaga_, while the boys are still
on the island, that soothsayers and wise men are called in from all over
the land to tell where the boys are, and that wizards, who are also
summoned, warn Frothi to beware of the old man Vifil on the island,
remind us of the statement by Holinshed that Macbeth "had learned of
certeine wizzards, in whose words he put great confidence ... how that
he ought to take heed of Macduffe."[157]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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