Produced by Al Haines [Transcriber's note: refer to the more detailed notes at the end of this etext for more information.] Religions Ancient and Modern [Frontispiece: EGYPTIAN GODS. PETRIE COLLECTION] THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPT By W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE D.C.L., LL.D., LIT.D., PH.D., T.R.S., F.B.A., F.S.A. SCOT. EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON LONDON ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO LTD 16 JAMES STREET HAYMARKET 1906 Edinburgh: T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to His Majesty CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. THE NATURE OF GODS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. THE NATURE OF MAN, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 III. THE FUTURE LIFE, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 IV. ANIMAL WORSHIP, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 V. THE GROUPS OF GODS. ANIMAL-HEADED GODS, . . . . . 28 VI. THE HUMAN GODS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 VII. THE COSMIC GODS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 VIII. THE ABSTRACT GODS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 IX. THE FOREIGN GODS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 X. THE COSMOGONY, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 XI. THE RITUAL AND PRIESTHOOD, . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 XII. THE SACRED BOOKS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 XIII. PRIVATE WORSHIP, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 XIV. EGYPTIAN ETHICS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 XV. THE INFLUENCE OF EGYPT, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 INDEX, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 PRINCIPAL WORKS ON EGYPTIAN RELIGION LANZONE.--_Dixionario di Mitologia Egizia_, 1881-86. 1312 pp., 408 pls. About £4 second hand. (The indispensable storehouse of facts and references.) WIEDEMANN.--_Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, 1897. 307 pp, 73 figs. 12s. 6d. (The best general view of the subject.) WIEDEMANN.--Article in supplement to _Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible_. (Excellent outline.) WIEDEMANN.--_Ancient Egyptian Doctrine of Immortality_, 1895. 71 pp., 21 figs., 2 pls. 3s. MASPERO.--_Dawn of Civilisation_, see pp. 81-222, 1894. 25s. (A popular outline by a master.) MASPERO.--_Études de Mythologie_, 1893, 895 pp. MASPERO.--_Inscriptions des Pyramides de Saqqara_, 1894. 456 pp., 9 pl. RENOUF.--_Book of the Dead_, 1893-1902. 308 pp., 53 pl. £2. (The standard translation with the illustrations.) BUDGE.--_Gods of the Egyptians_, 1904. 908 pp., 131 figs., 98 pls. £3. 3s. (Useful repertory, but illustrations not exact.) SAYCE.--_Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia_, 1902. 509 pp. 7s. 6d. (Useful for comparative view.) PETRIE.--_Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt_, 1898. 176 pp. 2s. 6d. (A study of the nature of conscience, and the tribal aspect of religion.) {1} THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPT CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF GODS