=Penates, Lares, and Genius.=--The other household deities too have their counterpart, though not so prominently marked, in the worship of the state. The magistrates, on entering office, took oath by Iuppiter and the _Di Penates populi Romani Quiritium_, and that the conception was as wide in the state as in the household is shown by the fact that on less formal occasions the formula appears as _Iuppiter et ceteri di omnes immortales_. The Penates of the state then would include all the state-deities; but that their original character is not lost sight of we can see from the statement of Varro that in the _penus Vestae_ (the 'state storehouse') were preserved their _sigilla_--not apparently sensuous representations, but symbolic objects, such as we have seen before in cases like that of the _silex_ of Iuppiter. The _Lares_ again find their counterpart in the _Lares Praestites_ of the state, and their rustic festival, the Compitalia, has its urban reproduction, which, as it involved considerable license on the part of populace and slaves, was often in the later period of the Republic a cause of serious political disturbance. Even the Genius, though rather vaguely, passes over to the state and we hear of the _Genius populi Romani_ or the _Genius urbis Romae_, with regard to which Servius quotes from an inscription on a shield the characteristic addition, _sive mas sive femina_: in much later times we find the exact counterpart of the domestic worship of the Genius of the _pater familias_ in the cult of the Genius of the Emperor--the foundation of the whole of the imperial worship. We have observed already how the cults of the fields were taken over by the state and their counterparts established in the great festivals of the Calendar. Naturally enough most of the deities concerned, existing only for the part they played in these festivals, retained their original character without further development. But with a few it was different: it was their fate to acquire new characteristics and new functions, and, developing with the needs of the community, to become the great gods of the state: of these we must give some brief account.