The religions of ancient Egypt and BabyloniaSayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Religion
The religions of ancient Egypt and Babylonia
Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Assyro-Babylonian religion; Egypt -- Religion
It would seem, therefore, that Professor Maspero is right in holding that
Osiris was primarily the god of Busiris in the Delta. It is the only nome
of which he was formally the presiding deity, under the title of Ânz, “the
king,” and it bordered on Hermopolis, which was dedicated to the ibis-god
Thoth, who is so closely connected with the story of Osiris.(129) To the
north stood the temple of Isis-Rennet,(130) to the south-west was
Pharbæthos (Horbêt), which worshipped Set, while Horus was the god of many
of the neighbouring nomes. The whole cycle of Osirian deities is thus to
be found within the confines of a small tract of the Delta.
The name Busiris means simply “the place of Osiris.” Primitively it had
been called Daddu, “the two colonnades,”(131) and Osiris became known as
its lord. It was under this title that he was incarnated in the ram of the
neighbouring town of Mendes on the eastern boundary of Hermopolis. The ram
became his soul; all the more easily since the Egyptian words for “ram”
and “soul” had the same or a similar pronunciation. At Dendera it is said
that in the ram of Mendes Osiris grew young again; and in the later days
of solar syncretism the four souls of Ra and Osiris, of Shu and Khepera,
were united in its body. How far back this identification of the god and
the sacred animal may reach we do not know. But it is significant that it
was not at Daddu itself, but at a neighbouring city, that the animal was
worshipped, though a seal-cylinder which belongs to the oldest period of
Egyptian history already declares that Daddu was “the city of the
ram.”(132)
Nebhât and Anubis had originally nothing to do with the god of Busiris.
Nebhât, in fact, is merely a title which has been fossilised into the name
of a deity. It is merely the ordinary title of the Egyptian lady as “the
mistress of the house,” who thus stands on the same footing as “the lord
of the house,” her husband. The title could have been given to any goddess
who was conceived of in human form, and was doubtless applied to Isis the
wife of Osiris. He was “the lord” of the city; she, “the lady of the
house.” It reminds us of the way in which the deities of Babylonia were
addressed. There, too, the god was “the lord,” the goddess “the lady.” The
old titles of Osiris and Isis which have thus survived in the Osirian myth
are essentially Babylonian.
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