[Footnote 2: If, as thinks Schrader, the Aryans' original seat was on the Volga, then one must imagine the Indo-Iranians to have kept together in a south-eastern emigration.] [Footnote 3: That is to say, frequent reference is made to 'five tribes.' Some scholars deny that the tribes are Aryan alone, and claim that 'five,' like seven, means 'many.'] [Footnote 4: RV. III. 33. 11; 53. 12. Zimmer, _Altindisches Leben_, p. 160, incorrectly identifies _viç_ with tribus (Leist, _Rechtsgeschichte_, p. 105).] [Footnote 5: Viçv[=a]mitra. A few of the hymns are not ascribed to priests at all (some were made by women; some by 'royal-seers,' _i.e._ kings, or, at least, not priests).] [Footnote 6: Caste, at first, means 'pure,' and signifies that there is a moral barrier between the caste and outcast. The word now practically means class, even impure class. The native word means 'color,' and the first formal distinction was national, (white) Aryan and 'black-man.' The precedent class-distinctions among the Aryans themselves became fixed in course of time, and the lines between Aryans, in some regards, were drawn almost as sharply as between Aryan and slave.] [Footnote 7: Compare RV. iii. 33, and in I. 131. 5, the words: 'God Indra, thou didst help thy suppliants; one river after another they gained who pursued glory.'] [Footnote 8: Thomas, _Rivers of the Vedas_ (JRAS. xv. 357 ff.; Zimmer, loc. cit. cap. 1).] [Footnote 9: Later called the Candrabh[=a]ga. For the Jumna and Sarayu see below.] [Footnote 10: This is the error into which falls Brunnhofer, whose theory that the Vedic Aryans were still settled near the Caspian has been criticised above (p. 15).] [Footnote 11: Compare Geiger, _Ostiranische Cultur_, p. 81. See also Muir, OST. ii. p. 355.] [Footnote 12: Lassen, I. p. 616, decided in favor of the western passes of the Hindukush.] [Footnote 13: From Kandahar in Afghanistan to a point a little west of Lahore. In the former district, according to the Avesta, the dead are buried (an early Indian custom, not Iranian).] [Footnote 14: Geiger identifies the Vita[=g]uhaiti or Vitanghvati with the Oxus, but this is improbable. It lies in the extreme east and forms the boundary between the true believers and the 'demon-worshippers' (Yasht, 5, 77; Geiger, _loc. cit._ p. 131, note 5). The Persian name is the same with Vitast[=a], which is located in the Punj[=a]b.]