The Jō-dō or Pure Land sect.--Substitution of faith in Amida for the eight-fold Path.--Succession of the propagators of true doctrine.--Zendō and Hō-nen.--The Japanese path-finder to the Pure Land.--Doctrine of Jō-dō.--Buddhistic influence on the Japanese language.--Incessant repetition of prayers.--The Pure Land in the West.--The Buddhist doctrine of justification by faith.--Hō-nen's universalism.--Tendency of doctrinal development after Hō-nen.--"Reformed" Buddhism.--Synergism _versus_ salvation by faith only.--Life of Shinran.--Posthumous honors.--Policy and aim of the Shin sect, methods and scriptures. CHAPTER X JAPANESE BUDDHISM IN ITS MISSIONARY DEVELOPMENT, PAGE 287 The missionary history of Japanese Buddhism is the history of Japan.--The first organized religion of the Japanese.--Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain's testimony--A picture of primeval life in the archipelago.--What came in the train of the new religion from "the West". Missionary civilizers, teachers, road-makers, improvers of diet. Language of flowers and gardens.--The house and home.--Architecture--The imperial capital--Hiyéizan.--Love of natural scenery.--Pilgrimages and their fruits.--The Japanese aesthetic.--Art and decoration in the temples.--Exterior resemblances between the Roman form of Christianity and of Buddhism.--Quotation from "The Mikado's Empire."--Internal vital differences.--Enlightenment and grace.--Ingwa and love.--Luxuriance of the art of Northern Buddhism.--Variety in individual treatment.--Place of the temple in the life of Old Japan.--The protecting trees.--The bell and its note.--The graveyard and the priests' hold upon it.--Japanese Buddhism as a political power.--Its influence upon military history.--Abbots on horseback and monks in armor.--Battles between the Shin and Zen sects.--Nobunaga.--Influence of Buddhism in literature and education.--The temple school.--The _kana_ writing.--Survey and critique of Buddhist history in Japan.--Absence of organized charities.--Regard for animal and disregard for human life.--The Eta.--The Aino.--Attitude to women.--Nuna and numerics.--Polygamy and concubinage.--Buddhism compared with Shintō.--Influence upon morals.--The First Cause.--Its leadership among the sects.--Unreality of Amida Buddha.--Nichiren.--His life and opinions.--Idols and avatars.--The favorite scripture of the sect, the Saddharma Pundarika.--Its central dogma, everything in the universe capable of Buddha-ship.--The Salvation Army of Buddhism.--Kōbō's leaven working.--Buddhism ceases to be an intellectual force.--The New Buddhism.--Are the Japanese eager for reform? CHAPTER XI ROMAN CHRISTIANITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, PAGE 323