[525] For gratitude to human beings see Valerius Maximus v. 2. A good example of gratitude to a deity is in Gell. _N.A._ iv. 18; but it is told of Scipio the elder, who was eccentric for a Roman. When accused by a tribune of peculation in Asia he said, "Non igitur simus adversum deos ingrati et, censeo, relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus Iovi Optimo Maximo gratulatum." Public gratitude to the gods is frequent in later _supplicationes_, _e.g._ Livy xxx. 17. 6. [526] Gellius, _N.A._ xiv. 7. 9. [527] Servius ad _Aen._ xi. 301 ("praefatus divos solio rex infit ab alto"). [528] This was in a _contio_: "Cum Gracchus deos inciperet precari." See above, Lecture VII. note 13. [529] See _R.F._ p. 74 foll.; Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 243. For the relation of the pomoerium to the wall, see above, p. 94. [530] The process is amusingly explained by Carter in _The Religion of Numa_, p. 72 foll. [531] _R.F._ p. 75. [532] See Aust, _De aedibus sacris P.R._, passim. [533] Lately this has been denied by Pais, _Storia di Roma_, i. 339. [534] Pliny, _N.H._ 35, 154. [535] I owe the information to my friend Prof. Percy Gardner. [536] See Carter, _op. cit._ p. 66; but I am not sure that his reasons are conclusive. [537] Diels, _Sibyllinische Blaetter_, p. 6 foll., and cp. 79. [538] It should be noted that the cult of Apollo in Rome was older than the introduction of Sibylline influence; so at least it is generally assumed. Wissowa, however (_R.K._ p. 239), puts it as "gleichzeitig." The date of the Apollinar in pratis Flaminiis, the oldest Apolline fanum in Rome (outside pomoerium), is unknown; that of the temple on the same site was 431 (Livy iv. 25 and 29). There is little doubt that the Apollo-cult spread from Cumae northwards, and was by this time well established in Italy. (The foundation of the temple of 431, consisting of opus quadratum, still in part survives: Huelsen-Jordan, _Rom. Topographie_, iii. 535). [539] Heracleitus, _fragm._ xii., ed. Bywater. [540] _Phaedrus_, p. 244. [541] So Korte in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._, _s.v._ "Etrusker." [542] The present tendency is to take the plebs as representing an older population of Latium before the arrival of the patricians; see, _e.g._, Binder, _Die Plebs_, p. 358 foll. But the plebs of later days is not to be explained on one hypothesis only. [543] _e.g._ in religious matters the _duoviri aedi dedicandae_; Mommsen, _Staatsrecht_, ii. 601 foll. [544] Carter, _Religion of Numa_, p. 77 foll. It is uncertain whether there was a Roman Mercurius of earlier origin, or whether the name Mercurius (_i.e._ concerned in trade) was a new invention to avoid using the Greek name, as in the case of the trias Ceres, Liber, Libera.