[204:3] Justin Martyr observed that Christians were commencing to abstain from flesh, wine, and sexual intercourse. He, with Ignatius and others, lauds celibacy as the holiest state. [205:1] Celibacy was habitually practised by some; others devoted their lives to the poor. Many converts like Cyprian sold their possessions for the needy. Still others like Origen mutilated themselves. [205:2] Irenæus, _Against Heresy_, i., 24; Epiphanius, _Heresy_, 23. [206:1] Rufinus, _Concerning Ascetic Life_, 30; Socrates, iv., 23; Sozomen, i., 14. See Montalembert, i., 227. [206:2] Augustine, _Confessions_, viii., 15. [206:3] Harnack, _Monasticism_, 27. [206:4] _Ibid._, 47. [207:1] Sozomen, vi., 33; Tillemont, _Mem._, viii., 292. [207:2] Severus, _Dialogues_, i., 8. [207:3] Evagrius, _Ch. Hist._, i., 13, 21; ii., 9; vi., 22; Theodosius, _Philoth._, 12, 26; Nilus, _Letters_, ii., 114, 115; Gregory of Tours, viii., 16. [207:4] Augustine, _City of God_, i., xiv., ch. 51. [207:5] Tillemont, _Mem._, viii., 633. [209:1] The rule of St. Oriesis is little more than a mystical praise of asceticism. [209:2] Socrates, iv., 23; Sozomen, i., 14. [209:3] Gwatkin, _Arianism_. [209:4] Sozomen, iii., 14. [209:5] Hergenröther, 452. [210:1] Theod., _Hist. Rel._, 30; Augustine, _De Mor. Eccl._, i., 31. [210:2] Sozomen, iii., 14; vi., 32. [210:3] A follower of Hilarion. Made bishop of Cyprus in 367. [210:4] Sozomen, vi., 32. [210:5] _Ibid._, vi., 32. [210:6] Eusebius, viii., 13; Socrates, iv., 36; Sozomen, vi., 38. [210:7] Sozomen, vi., 32. [210:8] Theodoret, _Hist. Eccl._, ch. 26. [210:9] Smith, _Rise of Christ. Monast._, 48. [211:1] Augustine, _De Mor. Eccl._, p. 33. He had been in Gaul in 337 and 338. [211:2] Ambrose, _Letters_, 63, 66. [211:3] Augustine, _Confessions_, viii., 15. [211:4] Montalembert, i., 291-300. [211:5] Jerome, _Letter_ 127. [211:6] Jerome, _Letter_ 23. [211:7] Montalembert, i., 291; Jerome, _Letter_ 26. [211:8] Jerome, _Letter_ 96. [212:1] Sulpic, Severus, _Life of St. Martin_. [212:2] See Ozanam, _Hist. of Civ. in the 5th Cent._ [212:3] Mosheim, bk. ii., cent. 5, part 2, ch. 3, § 12, tells of a German fanatic who built a pillar near Treves and attempted to imitate the career of Simeon Stylites, but the neighbouring bishops pulled it down. [213:1] Cassian, _Inst._, ii., 2; St. Benedict, _Rule_, ch. 1; Jerome, _Ep._, 95. [213:2] Gregory I., _Dialogues_, bk. ii. See Montalembert, i., bk. 4. [214:1] Henderson, 274, _Rule of our most Holy Father Benedict_, Lond., 1886; Ogg, _Source Book_, § 11. [215:1] Doyle, _The Teaching of St. Benedict_, Lond., 1887. [216:1] Lea, _Sac. Cel._, 116. See _Cath. Encyc._ [216:2] Stephen, _Essays in Eccl. Biog._, 240. [216:3] It was boasted that no less than twenty Emperors and forty-seven kings cast aside their crowns to become Benedictine monks, while ten Emperors and fifty queens entered convents, but it is impossible to discover them. [217:1] Milman, iii., 88.