[332:4] _Defensor Pacis_, ii., c. 28. [332:5] _Sum. Eccl._, vol. ii., 101. [333:1] _Institutes_, iv., 7, 11, 20. [333:2] Febronius, Eichorn, Theiner, Röstell, Luden. [333:3] Mansi, xv., 694. [333:4] Kurtz, i., 82. [334:1] Niedner, p. 397. [334:2] Hardwick, _Church History_, 148, note. [334:3] _Mon. Ger._, i., 452. [334:4] Mansi, xv., 694. [335:1] Blondel, Kunst, Walter, Densiger. [335:2] Phillips, Gfrörer. [335:3] Ballareni, Gieseler, Wasserschleben. [335:4] Weizsäcker, Von Noorden, Hinschius, Richter, Boxman. [335:5] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 48. [335:6] Döllinger. [335:7] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 49. [336:1] Schaff, iv., 275. [336:2] De Cormenin, _Hist. of the Popes_, 248. [337:1] Alex., _Ep._, i., ch. 5; Felix, _Ep._, ii., ch. 12. [338:1] Anacletus, _Ep._, i., ch. 4; Marcellinus, _Ep._ ii., ch. 3. [338:2] Kurtz § 86, ii., No. 2. [338:3] Clement, _Ep._, 1. [342:1] Baronius, _Ann._, 863. [342:2] Greenwood, _Cathedra Petri_, bk. vii., ch. 2. [343:1] Bouquet, vii., 391. [343:2] Pertz, i., 462. [343:3] Greenwood, _Cathedra Petri_, bk. vii., ch. 6. CHAPTER XVI ORGANISATION, LIFE, AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE CHURCH, SIXTH TO NINTH CENTURY OUTLINE: I.--Organisation of the papal hierarchy. II.--Moral condition of the clergy and laity. III.--Great activity and wide influence of the Church. IV.--The ordeals and the Church. V.--Church discipline--excommunication and interdict--and penance. VI.--Worship--the mass--preaching--hymns. VII.--The sacraments. VIII.--Relics and saints. IX.--Sources. The Roman Catholic Church, based on the Bible and tradition, satisfying the religious needs of the age, and moulded by the historical forces of the period, changed from the democratic, apostolic Church to the powerful monarchial hierarchy of the Middle Ages, by a natural, historical process. The Pope, the Bishop of Bishops, stood at the head of the well organised hierarchy as the source of faith, the supreme law-giver, the distributor of justice, the resort of last appeal, and the grantor of offices, honour, and favours. He came to hold the balance of power in the world-politics and claimed supremacy in secular affairs. To enforce his will he had an army of priests and monks, the sanctity and prestige of Peter's Chair, and the formidable weapons of excommunication and interdict. To assist him in his multitudinous duties, an extensive papal court had been gradually built up.