[376:1] Matt. xviii., 17, 18; 1 Cor. v.; 2 Cor. ii., 6-10. [376:2] Mansi, _Coll. Concil._, xiv., 33d canon of Council of Chalons (813). [376:3] The best known of these books was compiled under the direction of Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury (669-690). It is given in Haddan and Stubbs, iii., 173. The Venerable Bede also made a similar collection. _Ibid._, 326. See quotations in Schaff, iv., 374. See Marshall, _The Penitential Discip. of the Prim. Ch._, Lond., 1814; new ed. in _Lib. of Cath. Theol._, Oxf., 1844. [377:1] Haddan and Stubbs, iii., 371. [377:2] See Green, _Indulgences_, etc., Lond., 1872, and Gibbings, _The Taxes of the Apost. Pen._, Dub., 1872. [377:3] See Mark vi., 13; Jas. v., 14, 15; Tertullian, _Ad. Scap._, 4; Chrysostom, _Hom._, 32. [379:1] Mabillon, _Act. St. Benedict_, v., Pref.; Mansi, xix., 169-179. [379:2] See Chap. XIV. for a full account of the origin of image-worship. [380:1] Cod. Theod., ix., 17, 7. [380:2] This statement is given in Baronius. [380:3] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 305. [380:4] Greg. of Tours, bk. i., ch. 84. CHAPTER XVII THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY OUTLINE: I.--Decline of the Empire under the later Carolingians. II.--Preparations to restore the Empire on a German basis. III.--Otto the Great creates the Holy Roman Empire. IV.--Holy Roman Empire attains its height under Henry III. V.--Results of the creation of the Holy Roman Empire. VI.--Sources. The Empire created by Charles the Great rapidly declined under the later Carolingians. The causes for this dissolution were: 1. The principle of division of rule, which was practised before the time of Charles the Great, and endorsed by him, produced five divisions of the Empire within thirty years. This was fatal to stability and permanency. 2. The disintegration of the Empire into national states resulted from the growing differences of race, language, institutions, and laws.[384:1] 3. Powerful feudal dukedoms arose such as Bavaria on the Danube, the barrier against the East; Swabia on the upper Danube and Rhine; Franconia on the Rhine and Main north of Swabia; Saxony on the Ems, Weser, and Elbe north of Franconia; Burgundy, a kingdom south-west of Swabia; Aquitania in southern France; Brittany in north-western France; Normandy in northern France; and others. 4. The rulers who succeeded Charles the Great were, as compared with him, men of very inferior ability. 5. The poor roads made it almost impossible to keep in touch with all parts of the wide Empire. The well-built roads of the Romans had generally fallen into decay, simply because there was no longer a corps of trained engineers to keep them up. 6. The scarcity of money likewise prevented the ruler from securing the services of a great body of able officers, and also made it impossible for him to support a standing army to enforce his will everywhere.