(4) The Jews, scattered over the world,[48:3] befriended by Julius Cæsar, given legal status as a sect by Augustus, expelled in vain by Tiberius and Claudius, spread a knowledge of the living God over the whole Empire before Christ appeared. Synagogues were numerous, and many Gentiles became converts to monotheism.[48:4] These converts were the first to accept the teachings of Jesus, and in this way formed the _nuclei_ of the Christian Church. Thus Jerusalem the Holy City, Athens the city of culture, and Rome the city of power, combined to prepare the world so that the matchless ethical and religious teaching of Jesus of Nazareth could capture the hearts and heads of men, replace the national religions, and become realised in the outward forms and inward beliefs of the Christian Church, which was soon to exercise a controlling power in the civilised world. SOURCES A.--PRIMARY: I.--JEWISH: 1.--_Old Testament._ 2.--_Old Testament Apocrypha._ Transl. by E. C. Bissell, N. Y., 1865-80. 3.--Josephus (37-103 A.D.), _Antiquities_, and _The Jewish War_. Various eds. Whiston the standard. 4.--Philo Judæus (20 B.C.-40 A.D.), _Works_. Transl. by C. D. Yonge. In Bohn, Lond., 1854-5. 4 vols. 5.--_The Talmud._ Transl. by Bodkinson and revised by Wise, N. Y., 1896. 6.--Lardner, _Jewish and Heathen Testimonies_. _Works_, vii., Lond., 1788. II.--PAGAN: =1.--Greek:= 1.--The classics. Bohn Lib. Excellent. Fine transl. by W. H. Appleton, Bost., 1893. 2.--Polybius (204-122 B.C.), _Histories_. Transl. by E. S. Schuckburgh. 2 vols. Lond., 1889. 3.--Strabo (62 B.C.-24 A.D.), _Geography_. Transl. by Falconer and Hamilton, Lond., 1890. 2 vols. Bohn Lib. =2.--Latin:= 1.--Virgil (70-19 B.C.), _Works_. Bohn Lib., 1894; Morley Univ. Lib., 1884. 2.--Horace (65-8 B.C.), _Works_. Transl. by Lonsdale and Lee, Lond., 1873. Best complete Eng. ed. is by Wickham. 2 vols. Oxf., 1887, 1892. 3.--Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.), _Works_. Bohn Lib., 1850. Transl. by Stephenson, Lond., 1883-90. 4.--Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.), _Works_. Bohn Lib. Transl. by H. T. Riley, Lond., 1852. 5.--Lucan (39-65 A.D.), _Pharsalia_. Transl. by H. T. Riley, Lond., 1853. Bohn Lib. 6.--Seneca (3-65 A.D.), _Works_. Transl. by T. Lodge, Lond., 1620. Bohn Lib. has partial list. 7.--Pliny (61-115 A.D.), _Works_. Transl. by Milmoth and Bosauquet, Lond., 1878. 8.--Tacitus (54-119 A.D.), _Works_. Bohn Lib., 1848. 2 vols. Transl. by Church and Brodribb, Lond., 1877. 9.--Juvenal (47-130 A.D.), _Works_. Bohn Lib. Transl. by Strong and Leeper, Lond., 1882.