[46:1] Schürer, _Jewish People_, div. II., ii., 154-187; Wendt, _Teachings of Jesus_, i., 33-89; Graetz, _Hist. of the Jews_, ii., 122-123, 140-147; Edersheim, _Life and Times of Jesus_, i., 160-179; Rhees, _Life of Jesus_, sec. 13; Mathews, _Hist. of N. T. Times_, ch. 13. [46:2] Rom. i., 18-32. [46:3] _De Ira_, I., ii., c. 8. [46:4] _Politica_, I., ii., c. 2-18. [47:1] Tacitus felt a common humanity when he wrote: "Homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto." Cicero and Virgil expressed like ideas. In the Middle Ages it was even said that Virgil in the Fourth Eclogue prophesied the advent of Jesus. See _Princeton Rev._, Sept. 1879, 403 _ff._ [47:2] Ackerman, _The Christian Element in Plato_; Cocker, _Christianity and Greek Philosophy_; Hatch, _Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church_; Addis, _Christianity and the Roman Empire_, 22-25; Farrar, _Seekers after God_; Davidson, _The Stoic Creed_, N. Y. 1907. [48:1] The Septuagint version, 284-247 B.C. [48:2] Ackerman, _The Christian Element in Plato_. [48:3] Josephus and Strabo. Gieseler, i., § 17. [48:4] Apion, ii., 10, 39. CHAPTER IV ORIGIN, SPREAD, AND ORGANISATION OF THE CHURCH DURING THE APOSTOLIC AGE OUTLINE: I.--Origin of the Christian Church. II.--Spread of the Apostolic Church. III.--Organisation of the Early Church. IV.--Conclusions. V.--Sources. The Christian Church has both an internal and an external side--a soul and a body. Thoughts, feelings, and beliefs constitute the inner Church, the creed. These, in turn, aided by physical conditions, determine the outward organisation of the Church. In a broad sense the Church was a product of certain forces already in the world at the opening of the Christian era, which were utilised by the believers in the teachings of Jesus. From pagan and Jewish sources contributions were made to both the form and content of the Christian Church in the following ways: 1. The Jews[52:1] gave in ideas: (a) a belief in Jehovah as God, (b) the conception of sin, (c) a consciousness of the need of repentance and reconciliation, (d) the doctrine of immortality, (e) the conception of Heaven and Hell, (f) angels and the devil, (g) miracles, (h) the Old Testament as God's word, and (i) the Sabbath. To the form of the Christian Church they suggested: (a) the synagogue, (b) officials like the elders, (c) ceremonies, (d) feasts,[53:1] and (e) organisation.[53:2]