Julian's sudden death with one stroke precipitated the decline and fall of paganism. His successor, Jovian (363-364), a Christian, restored Christianity to imperial and popular favour.[128:2] The legal toleration of all religions continued under Valentinian I. (d. 375) and Valens (d. 378). Emperor Gratian (375-383) began the repression of paganism in the West, and Valentinian II. (383-392) continued it, while Theodosius I. (378-395) pursued the same policy in the East, and forcibly suppressed paganism.[128:3] The edict of 380 constituted Christianity the exclusive religion of the whole Empire. "We command all who read this law to embrace the name of Catholic Christians, deciding that all other idiots and madmen should bear the infamy attaching to their heretical opinions, and as they will first meet with the penalty of divine vengeance, so they will afterwards receive that condemnation at our hands which the Heavenly Judge has empowered us to administer."[128:4] The new faith had won a famous victory. Even the old Roman Senate, the last refuge of paganism, voted that the religion of Jesus was true. SOURCES A.--PRIMARY: I.--CHURCH FATHERS: 1.--Eusebius, <i>Life of Constantine</i>. <i>Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, i., 472. Edited by McGiffert. Best edition. _Church History._ _Ib._ 2.--Socrates, _Ecclesiastical History_. _Ib._, ii., bk. 1, 2. 3.--Sozomen, _Ecclesiastical History_. _Ib._, ii., bk. 1, 4. 4.--Theodoret, _Ecclesiastical History_. _Ib._, iii., bk. 1, 2. 5.--Lactantius, _Death of Persecutors_. _Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib._, xxi., 485; xxii., 186 _ff._ 6.--Evagrius, _Ecclesiastical History_. Bohn, _Eccl. Lib._, 1851. 7.--St. Athanasius, _Works_. _Fathers of the Holy Cath. Ch._, viii., xiii., xix. _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, iv., 2d ser. 8.--St. Basil, _Letters_. _Ib._, viii., 109. 9.--St. Augustine, _Sermons on the New Testament_. _Fathers of the Holy Cath. Ch._, lv., ch. 12. 10.--St. Chrysostom, _Homilies_. _Ib._, xxi., ch. 11; _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, ix., 1st ser. 11.--St. Ambrose, _Letters_, No. 21, 23. _Fathers of the Holy Cath. Ch._, xlv. 12.--St. Cyril, _Catechetical Lectures_. _Ib._, xiv., ch. 22; _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, vii., 2d ser. II.--PAGAN: 1.--Zosimus, _History_. Transl. by J. Davis, Lond., 1814. 2.--Emperor Julian, _Letters_. Transl. by E. J. Chinnock. Lond., 1901. _Sovereign Sun_ and _Mother of the Gods_, in King, _Julian the Emperor_. Lond., 1888. III. COLLECTIONS: 1.--Henderson, _Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages_. Bohn Lib., 1892, p. 319. 2.--Univ. of Penn., _Translations and Reprints_. iv., No. 1, 2; vi., No. 4. 3.--Robinson, _Readings in European History_, i., 21. B.--SECONDARY: I.--SPECIAL: