_The Transition from the Horse to the Vehicle: The Distinctive Mark of the Later Seventeenth Century: The Turnpike System: The Underlying Idea of the Turnpike: Its Decline and the First Emergence of the General National System in 1810: Thomas Telford and His Work: The Movement Connected with the Name of Macadam: The Coming of the Locomotive and its Results on Canals and Roads_ 179 CHAPTER XIV The Future _A New Vehicle Compelling us to Make New Roads: Arterial Roads for the New Traffic: The Five Necessities of these Roads: Ways and Means: A National Fund: Taxation according to Fuel Used: The Question of the Land Contiguous to the New Roads_ 194 THE ILLUSTRATIONS _Page_ _FRONTISPIECE: An old Title Page showing the antiquity of the Road Problem_ 4 _ICKNIELD STREET_ 27 _TYPICAL ENGLISH LANE_ 87 _THE EARLIEST ROAD_ 111 _WELSH SECTION, HOLYHEAD ROAD_ 123 _DERELICT ROAD, SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS_ 151 _ERMINE STREET NEAR ROYSTON_ 171 _TOLL HOUSE ON THE BATH ROAD_ 181 _The text is also elucidated by fifteen maps and diagrams_ AUTHOR’S INTRODUCTION _We are arrived at a chief turning-point in the history of the English highway. New instruments of locomotion, a greater volume of traffic, a greater weight in loads, and vastly increased rapidity in road travel have between them brought us to an issue: either some very considerable and immediate change in the character of the Road, or a serious and increasing handicap in our rivalry with other nations through the strain and expense of an out-worn system._ _The moment therefore calls for some examination of the Road, its theory and history. That need has prompted me to write this essay; but I must say at the outset that I approach my task with no expert qualification. My only equipment for the general sketch I intend is historical reading and the experience acquired in the writing of certain monographs upon the_ topography _of the Road in the past. I can do no more than suggest lines of thought which, if they lead to practice, need a detailed science I do not possess._