ENGLISH ROADS on south coast, 62; phases in the history of, 81-4; characteristics of, 84-91; and the French road compared, 84-6; the, effect of political history on, 89-90; and the Industrial Revolution, 90, 91; the, “blindness” of, 92; diversion and interruption of by waterways, 93-9; effect of absence of strategy on, 99-105; the, and dampness of climate, 105; and diversity of soil, 105-6; and increasing density of population, 106; and legislation, 106; the, effect of “potential” in its development, 107-9; its five stages of development, 109-15; British pre-Roman trackways, 110, 116-32; the, and the Roman road system, 133-46; during the Dark Ages, 147-77; during the Mediaeval period, 177-8; the, turnpike system of, 183-5; 1810 a pivotal date of, 185-6; and Telford, 186-9; improvement of surface of, by Macadam, 189-91; effect of railroads upon, 192-3; the, present need for new arterial roads (_q.v._), 194-5 EPHESUS, 70 EPSOM and Stane Street, 170 EPSOM DOWNS, 170 EPSOM RACE-COURSE, gap in Roman road between Merton and, 103, 149 ERITH, 121 EXE RIVER, importance of bridge at Exeter, 97-8; trackway from to Humber, 117, 126, 129 EXETER and the Exe, 97-8 FAL, RIVER, 97 FARNHAM, road to in Wey Valley, 34; to Guildford, 35; and the Pilgrims’ Way, 131 FENS, the, former absence of main roads in, 53-4; and trackway to the north, 125 FERRIES, use of by Romans, 102 FERRY, the, rather than ford precedes bridges, 20-21 FLEET, RIVER, 122 FLINT, use of in road construction, 55; disadvantages to motor traffic, 55 FORD, and the bridge, 12, 20; etymology of term, 19; significance of as particle with “stone” and “street” in place-names, 154 FOREST, influence of on course of road, 47-51; of Mormal, 49; in the tropics, 49; and the railroad, 50; and the Roman road, 50-51 FOSSE WAY, the, gradients of in Somerset, 38-9; survival of early trackway from Exe to Humber, 126-7; alluded to, 138; use of in Dark Ages, 177 FOWEY, RIVER, 97 FRANCE, Northern, Roman roads in, 147-8 FRENCH ROAD, the, characteristics of, 84-6 FUEL, taxation of; simplest method of collecting a road tax, 202-3 GABAS, valley of, 44 GAINSBOROUGH, bridge at, 97 GALLEGO, 44; bridge over near Huesca, 24 GARGANO, isolation of by marsh, 15 GAUL, military roads of, 75-6; Roman road building in, 136-7 GENOA, 67 GLASGOW, 31 GLOUCESTER, bridge of, 74; function of in making an inland port, 30; and the Severn crossing, 98; road from Winchester to, 138