The limitation upon the judicial imperium of magistrates and promagistrates by the three Porcian laws of appeal, which belong to this period, has been considered in connection with popular jurisdiction.[2141] The last of these acts affected the administration of the provinces and of military affairs, which belonged originally to the magistrates and the senate. It was only by degrees that the people interfered in this department. The earliest known act of the kind was the consular lex de sumptu provinciali of M. Porcius Cato, 195, for limiting the expenses of provincials in the support and honor of the governor.[2142] To prevent conflicts in the provinces between the incoming and the retiring governor, Cato favored a regulation, adopted probably in 177, whether a lex or a senatus consultum has not been determined, to the effect that the imperium of the outgoing functionary should cease on the arrival of the new.[2143] It was still more unusual for the people to take part in the organization of a new province; but in 146 a lex Livia, probably tribunician, commissioned P. Scipio Aemilianus, assisted by ten legati, to organize the province of Africa.[2144] In foreign affairs the assemblies took the same part as in the preceding period; the centuries continued to declare war and the tribes to ratify peace. In 196 the tribunician lex Marcia Atinia compelled the consuls against their will to conclude a treaty with Macedon.[2145] In 149 L. Scribonius Libo, tribune of the plebs, attempted in vain to secure the adoption of a rogation for restoring liberty to the Lusitanians, whom the praetor Servius Galba had treacherously enslaved.[2146] No less characteristic of the age is the consular lex of L. Furius and Ser. Atilius, 136, for surrendering C. Mancinus to the Numantines because without the consent of the senate he had made an unfavorable treaty with them.[2147] The deterioration in the character of Roman generalship and warfare is indicated by a statute of unknown authorship, enacted after 180,[2148] which forbade a triumph to a commander who had not killed at least five thousand of the enemy in a single battle.[2149] The intention of the law, however, which obviously was to prevent commanders from triumphing for fictitious or insignificant victories, was circumvented by falsifications regarding the number of enemies slain or by triumphs on the Alban Mount.[2150]