The crushing of the grain no doubt comes down from a time when there were no mills (Helbig, _Italiker in der Poebene_, 17 and 72). The preparation of the cakes was also peculiar, and even that of the salt which was used in them (Festus, 159; cp. Serv. _Ecl._ 8. 82). The latter passage is the _locus classicus_ for all these duties: ‘Virgines Vestales tres maximae ex nonis Maiis ad pridie Idus Maias alternis diebus (i. e. on 7th, 9th, 11th?) spicas adoreas in corbibus messuariis ponunt, easque spicas ipsae virgines torrent, pinsunt, molunt, atque ita molitum condunt. Ex eo farre virgines ter in anno molam faciunt, Lupercalibus, Vestalibus, Idibus Septembribus, adiecto sale cocto et sale duro.’ For examples of the primitive method of cooking see Miss Kingsley’s _Travels in West Africa_, p. 208; and Sir Joseph Banks’s _Journal_ (ed. Hooker), p. 137. Footnote 613: _Penus_ means, in the first instance, food. Cic. _Nat. Deorum_, 2. 68 ‘Est omne quo vescuntur homines penus.’ Hence it came to mean the store-closet in the centre of the house, of which the Penates were the guardian spirits. Its sacred character is indicated in a passage of Columella (_R. R._ 12. 4; and see my paper on the _toga praetexta_ of Roman children, in _Classical Review_, Oct. 1896). Footnote 614: Varro, ap. S. Aug. _de Civ._ 7. 24; cp. 7. 16. Ovid, _Fasti_, 6. 267, writes, ‘Vesta eadem quae terra,’ but more correctly in 291, ‘Nec tu aliud Vestam quam vivam intellige flammam.’ Some moderns derive Vesta from root _vas_ = ‘dwelling,’ and make her the earth in special relation to the dwelling; e. g. O. Gilbert, i. 348 note. Footnote 615: Preuner, _Hestia-Vesta_, p. 221 ‘Gottheit des Feuers, sofern religiöse, ethische Ideen sich in demselben abspiegeln, nicht des Feuers als blossen Elements.’ This is surely turning the question upside down. Footnote 616: Tylor, _Prim. Cult._ ii. 251; Grimm, _German Mythology_ (Eng. trans.), p. 601 foll. Footnote 617: In July also the days were _nefasti_ from the Kalends to the 9th; but to the meaning of this we have no clue whatever. Footnote 618: See above, p. 115. Footnote 619: _G. B._ ii. 75. In an appendix (p. 373 foll. and esp. 382) will be found some other examples of the same type of ritual. Cp. also ii. 176 (from Punjaub), which example, however, does not seem in any way connected with harvest. But the practice of the Creek Indians is so unusually well attested that it deserves special attention. It is described by no less than four independent authorities (see Mr. Frazer’s note on p. 76). Footnote 620: Nissen, _Landeskunde_, 399. Footnote 621: The whole of Mr. Frazer’s section on the sacramental eating of new crops should be read in connexion with the Vestalia. Footnote 622: Aust, _de Aedibus sacris_, p. 7; Liv. 5. 19 and 23. The temple was in the Forum boarium, near the Circus maximus. Footnote 623: