they survived, within the Romanized area, either in great amount or in any form which contrasted with the general Roman character of the country. [Footnote 1: The term 'villa' is generally used to denote Romano-British country-houses and farms, irrespective of their legal classification. The use is so firmly established, both in England and abroad, that it would be idle to attempt to alter it. But for clearness I have thought it better in this paper to employ the term 'villa' only where I refer to the definite 'villa' system.] [Footnote 2: Cod. Theod. xi. 7.2.] [Footnote 3: For instance, Mr. Seebohm (_English Village Community_, pp. 254 foll.) connects the suffix 'ham' with the Roman 'villa' and apparently argues that the occurrence of the suffix indicates in general the former existence of a 'villa'. But his map showing the percentage of local names ending in 'ham' in various counties disproves his view completely. For the distribution of the suffix 'ham' and the frequency of Roman country-houses and farms do not coincide. In Norfolk, for instance, 'ham' is common, but there is hardly a trace of a Roman country-house or farm in the whole county (_Victoria Hist. of Norfolk_, i. 294-8). Somerset, on the other hand, is crowded with Roman country-houses, and has hardly any 'hams'.] [Footnote 4: Professor Vinogradoff, _Growth of the Manor_ (chap. ii), argues strongly for the existence of Celtic land-tenures besides the Roman 'villa' system. 'There was room (he suggests) for all sorts of conditions, from almost exact copies of Roman municipal corporations and Italian country-houses to tribal arrangements scarcely coloured by a thin sprinkling of imperial administration' (p. 83). As will be seen, this is not improbable. But I can find no definite proof of it. If northern Gaul were better known to us, it might provide a decisive analogy. But the Gaulish evidence itself seems at present disputable.] CHAPTER VII CHRONOLOGY OF THE ROMANIZATION