The Royal Observatory, Greenwich: A Glance at Its History and Work — John Shaqi
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich: A Glance at Its History and WorkMaunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter)
History
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich: A Glance at Its History and Work
Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter)
Astronomy -- History; Royal Observatory, Greenwich
So far, Bradley had but come to the same point which Flamsteed
had reached. Flamsteed had detected precisely the same apparent
displacement of stars, and, like Hooke, had ascribed it to
parallax. Cassini had shown that this could not be the case, as
the displacement was in the wrong direction; and there the matter
had rested. Bradley now set to follow the question up. Other stars
beside Gamma Draconis were found to show a displacement of the same
general character, but the amount varied with their distance from
the plane of the ecliptic, the earth's orbit. The first explanation
suggested was that the axis of the earth, which moves very nearly
parallel to itself as the earth moves round the sun, underwent a
slight regular 'wobble' in the course of a year. To check this,
a star was observed on the opposite side of the pole from Gamma
Draconis; then Bradley investigated as to whether refraction might
explain the difficulty, but again without success. He now was
most keenly interested in the problem, and he purchased a zenith
telescope of his own, made, like that of Molyneux, by Graham,
and mounted it in his aunt's house at Wanstead, and observed
continuously with it. The solution of the problem came at last to
him as he was boating on the Thames. Watching a vane at the top of
the mast, he saw with surprise that it shifted its direction every
time that the boat was put about. Remarking to the boatmen that it
was very odd that the wind should change just at the same moment
that there was a shift in the boat's course, they replied that there
was no change in the wind at all, and that the apparent change of
the vane was simply due to the change of direction of the motion of
the boat.
[Illustration: GRAHAM'S ZENITH SECTOR.
(_From an old print._)]
This supplied Bradley with a key to the solution of the mystery
that had troubled him so long. It had been discovered long before
this that light does not travel instantaneously from place to
place, but takes an appreciable time to pass from one member of
the solar system to another. This had been discovered by Römer
from observations of the satellites of Jupiter. He had noted that
the eclipses of the satellites always fell late of the computed
time, when Jupiter was at his greatest distance from the earth;
and Bradley's own work in the observation of those satellites had
brought the fact most intimately under his own acquaintance. The
result of the boating incident taught him, then, that he might look
upon light as analogous to the wind blowing on the boat. As the
wind, so long as it was steady, would seem to blow from one fixed
quarter so long as the boat was also in rest, but as it seemed
to shift its direction when the boat was moving and changed its
direction, so he saw that the light coming from a particular star
must seem to slightly change the direction in which it came, or, in
other words, the apparent position of the star, to correspond with
the movement of the earth in its orbit round the sun.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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