The peculiarities of Manchuria necessitated the employment of men on duties that would have been quite unnecessary, or less necessary, in a European war. Thus, in addition to the authorized transport, we had pack transport, which swallowed up fifty men per regiment. The large herds of cattle with regiments required twenty-four men to look after and guard them. There were nine regimental butchers. Two or three donkeys were told off to each company. (Indeed, they were of such great use in taking water and ammunition up into the firing-line that I consider they should be included in the establishments of troops in European Russia.) In each company one man was told off to these animals. The number of officers on the regimental rolls included those who had been wounded and were away convalescent, and many of these took their orderlies with them on leaving the front. The expenditure in these orderlies alone amounted to more than 100 men. For the special pack transport which was formed for the scout sections for carriage of ammunition and supplies, thirteen men per regiment were required. Judging by the experience of the war, I consider the following duties ought to be allowed for in every regiment in addition to the establishment of 159 non-combatants: Company clerks 16 Mess caterers 18 Officers’ mess cooks 4 Men’s cooks 18[40] Butchers and cattle guard 12 Officers’ grooms 27 Transport drivers with scout sections 13 Instructors 4 Stretcher-bearers 128 Baggage guard 48[41] With water donkeys 16 Officers’ orderlies 80 Sergeant-major of non-combatant company 1 Transport driver non-commissioned officers 5 Despatch riders 20 Bandsmen 35 Drummers 33 Reserve in case of sickness and wounded 13 ――― Total 491 All these must be classed as non-combatants. Adding to these the prescribed establishment of 159 non-combatants, we shall get a total of 650 with each regiment of four battalions. They should all be armed, and be ready to fight either in the advanced lines or with the baggage.