Footnote 507: These gendarmes had never been withdrawn before the present war broke out. The Koreans frequently tried to cut the telegraph line. Footnote 508: Japanese soldiers in Korea before the present war were stationed to the fullest extent stipulated in this Article. Owing to the small number of the Russian residents in Korea, the Russian Government never stationed as many soldiers in Korea as did the Japanese. Footnote 509: _Tokushu Jōyaku_, pp. 714–717. Footnote 510: G. Takeda, pp. 50–51. Footnote 511: See pp. 87 ff., above. Footnote 512: G. Takeda, pp. 45–47. Footnote 513: _Ibid._, pp. 48–50. Footnote 514: G. Takeda, pp. 53–54, and Jumpei Shinobu, _Kan Hantō_ (the Korean peninsula), pp. 505–512. Footnote 515: _Tokushu Jōyaku_, pp. 744–745; the _Kaitei Jōyaku Isan_, p. 603; the _Treaties and Conventions_, p. 394 (French text). CHAPTER XVII DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLE IN KOREA, II From 1899, both Japan and Russia were represented at Seul by new Ministers, Mr. G. Hayashi and M. Paul Pavloff. The latter had been the _Chargé_ at Peking, where he had recently made a brilliant success in securing for Russia a lease of Port Arthur and Talien-wan, and the right to connect these ports by rail with the great Siberian line. The contrast of character between the bold and ambitious Pavloff and the slow, tenacious Hayashi was an interesting index to the dramatic struggle which ensued in Korea between the rival Powers. For five years after the arrival of the diplomats, the desires of Russia and Japan seemed to clash, not only in Seul, but also in all directions within the Peninsula. Nearly every move made by either Power was countervailed by the other, Russia in most cases being the prime mover and Japan closely disputing the action of her rival. The feeble Government of Korea was sorely vexed between the vigorous demands and protests of the contending Powers, while the flexible will of the Emperor[516] and the discord and venality of his servants aggravated the endless confusion of the situation. Let us now briefly observe how this keen rivalry manifested itself in the south, at the capital, and in the north of Korea.