Of the Turkish literature we need speak but briefly. The Turks were not Semites, but a Tartar or East Asiatic stock who, after wandering into Western Asia, accepted the Mohammedan faith about A.D. 1288. At the very moment when the vast Mohammedan empire was crumbling to pieces, assailed by pagan Tartar hordes and crusading Christian armies from without, and withering from spiritual decadence within, the Turks took up the waning faith, and with the energy of new and younger converts carried it onward to the military conquests which built up the Turkish Empire. This new empire soon included geographically most of the older Arab Empire; but the Turks brought to their new faith only the dubious glory of victory in war. They added little, either to its thought or to its literature. They were, in fact, a nation still semi-barbaric, strong in the natural virtues of faith and honesty and a rude kindliness, but wholly lacking in the subtlety and intellectual keenness which could have advanced Mohammedan thought. Hence we shall find in their literature, at first, only childish tales, echoes of the childhood of the world, magic stories close akin to those of our own fairyland. Then comes a native poetry, not rising to remarkable heights in any one great poet, but full of a warm human love of romance and justice. Later we come to more thoughtful and elaborate writings, but these incline to deal with the practical world rather than with that of religion and speculative thought. So that we close our Turkish section with what is perhaps the most valuable piece of early Turkish literature, a work of travel, the celebrated autobiography of Sidi Ali Reis. ARABIC LITERATURE THE SUNAN THE DEEDS AND SAYINGS OF MOHAMMED AS PRESERVED BY HIS FOLLOWERS "_The proof of a Mohammedan's sincerity is that he pays no heed to what is not his business._" —SUNAN OF ABU DA'UD. "_The sayings [of the Sunan] are very numerous and very detailed; but how far they are genuine it is not easy to determine._" —STANLEY LANE-POOLE. "_The first thing which God created was a pen, and he said to it, 'Write.'_" —THE SUNAN. THE SUNAN (INTRODUCTION)