[145] Cp. Job xxvi. 10: “He hath worked out a circle (_ḥôq ḥāg_) upon the face of the waters”; or perhaps better: “He hath circumscribed a boundary....” This illustrates the root meaning of _ḥag_, “a circle”; and this is the formation of the festival dance. See, further, Driver and Gray, _Job_, Part II., Philological Notes, pp. 154, 180 (1921); Budde, _Hiob_, p. 146 (1896); Ball, _The Book of Job_, p. 322 (1922). See also Prov. viii. 27, and cp. Isa. xix. 17: “And the land of Judah shall be for a reeling (_ḥagga’_) to Egypt,” _i.e._ Egypt will become giddy through fear at the sight of Judah, and will thus “reel.” _Ḥagga’_ “may either be from an original sense of _ḥāgag_, or it may be equivalent to being excited as at a _ḥag_” (Oxf. Hebr. Lex.). More probably it is simply a derivative from _ḥag_, giddiness as a result of going round at the festival dance; it is used in Isa. xix. 17 in a metaphorical way. [146] Mishnah, _Sukkah_, iv. 2. [147] See above, pp. 48 ff. The prince-poet Imra-al-Kais refers in one of his poems to girls, gown-clad, going swiftly round the _Davar_ (_EB_, I. 998). [148] _Nili Opera_, Narrat. III. 8 (in Migne, _Patrol. Graec._ LXXIX. 612 f.) “In later Arabia, the _ṭawâf_, or act of circling the sacred stone, was still a principal part of religion; but even before Mohammed’s time it had begun to be dissociated from sacrifice, and became a meaningless ceremony,” Robertson Smith, _op. cit._ p. 340. [149] “Damit wäre dann der kultische Tanz als Produkt der altorientalischen Vorstellungswelt erwiesen” (de la Saussaye, _Religionsgeschichte_, I. 380 [1905]). [150] See p. 94. [151] _De Dea Syria_, XLIX.; see Strong and Garstang, _The Syrian Goddess_, and Garstang’s notes on pp. 83 f. (1913). [152] Robertson Smith, _op. cit._ pp. 185, 335. [153] See Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_, p. 91, where a good photograph of one of these trees is given. [154] Nöldeke, _Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden_. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari, p. 181 (1879). I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Bevan, of Cambridge, for this reference. [155] See Dussaud, _Histoire et Religion des Nosairis_, pp. 149 f. (1900). [156] Ohnefalsch-Richter, _op. cit._ I. 360; it is numbered xvii. 5 in vol. II. [157] Now in the Berlin Mus. Antiq., T.C. 668238. [158] Ohnefalsch-Richter, _op. cit._ I. 360; numbered xvii. 6 in vol. II. [159] _Op. cit._ I. 445; numbered cxxvii. 3 in vol. II. [160] Cp. Suidas, s.v. Ἀμφιδρόμια. [161] See Lobeck, _Aglao._, 237 ff., 639 ff., 695 (1829); Bekker, _Anecdota Graeca_, p. 207 (1814-1821); Pauly, _Realencycl. der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft_, IV. 1240 ff. (1862). [162] Warde Fowler in _ERE_, X. 827 _b_. [163] _Religion und Kultus der Römer_, p. 390 (1912). [164] _Das Privatleben der Römer_, p. 83 and the notes (1886). [165] _The Indian Tribes of the United States_, I. 146 ff.; ed. by F. S. Drake (1891). [166] Speck, _Ethnology of the Yuchi Indians_, p. 28 (1909).