[167] _Les Religions des Peuples Non-civilisés_, I. 269 (1883). [168] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_..., I. 97. [169] Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_..., I. 240 ff., II. 326 ff.; _The Scapegoat_, 232 ff., 251 ff., 315. [170] Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, pp. 190 ff. (1875-1877); _Wald- und Feldkulte_, I. 244 (1904-1905). [171] Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, II. 47 ff.; see also the instances mentioned above, p. 98. [172] Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_..., I. 136 ff. [173] Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 174; Frazer, _The Magic Art_, II. 58 ff. [174] On the subject generally see Hölscher, _Die Profeten: Untersuchungen zur Religionsgeschichte Israels_, pp. 129-158 (1914). [175] In speaking of the exercises of the early prophetical bands Robertson Smith says that “they were sometimes gone through in sacred processions, sometimes at a fixed place, as at the Naioth at Ramah, which ought probably to be rendered ‘dwellings’—a sort of coenobium. They were accompanied by music of a somewhat noisy character, in which the hand-drum and the pipe played a part, as was otherwise the case in festal processions to the sanctuary (2 Sam. vi. 5; Isa. xxx. 29). Thus the religious exercises of the prophets seem to be a development in a peculiar direction of the ordinary forms of Hebrew worship at the time, and the fact that the ‘prophesying’ was contagious establishes its analogy to other contagious forms of religious excitement” (_The Prophets of Israel_, p. 392 [1897]). See further, Gressmann, _Palestinas Erdgeruch in der Israelitischen Religion_, pp. 34 ff. (1909). [176] Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 432. [177] See, for interesting parallels, S. A. Cook, in _Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway_, p. 397 (1913). [178] _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 432. But see S. A. Cook in the work just cited. [179] The R.V. rendering of 1 Kings xviii. 26, “And they leaped about the altar,” is misleading. [180] The text emendation here is obvious, it should be _yithgôdâdu_ (“they cut themselves”) for _yithgôrâru_ (“they assemble themselves”). [181] This has been illustrated by the excavations on the site of ancient Gezer undertaken by the Palestine Exploration Fund. [182] _Genesis_, p. 329 (1901). [183] See, further, von Gall, _Altisraelitische Kultstätten_, pp. 148 ff. (1898). [184] The word is also used for limping, or stumbling, in a figurative sense (Jer. xx. 10 and elsewhere; in Job xviii. 12, Ball would read _balaʿ_). According to Driver the cognate Arabic word means “to curve” (_Oxford Hebr. Lex._); one thinks of the bent or curved position of the body during the performance of the “limping” dance. [185] See the various works of Schrader, Winckler, Zimmern, Jensen, O. Weber, Jastrow, etc. [186] See, _e.g._, Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Aegypter_, pp. 85-87 (1890); Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_, pp. 61 f., 90 (1909), and the works of other authorities mentioned in previous chapters.