The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practiceKeith, Arthur Berriedale
History
The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practice
Keith, Arthur Berriedale
Sanskrit drama -- History and criticism
In Act II only do we reach the motif which Bhavabhūti with far greater
skill made the leading idea of the drama, thus giving it effective
unity, so far as the story permits. The chamberlain of Janaka in
conversation with Kalahaṅsikā, one of Sītā’s suite, lets us know that
the princess is now ripe for marriage, and Rāvaṇa seeks her hand. In
the scene that follows the king accompanied by Çatānanda receives Rāma,
but hesitates to put him to the severe test involved in bending Çiva’s
bow. Çauṣkala, Rāvaṇa’s envoy, arrives to demand the maiden’s hand, but
indignantly declines the request that his master should bend the bow.
He eulogizes Rāvaṇa whom Rāma depreciates. Rāma is at last allowed to
make the trial; those who remain on the stage describe his wonderful
deed in breaking the bow. He is promised Sītā’s hand, while the other
sons of Daçaratha are also awarded consorts. Çauṣkala departs, menacing
revenge. Act IV shows us Rāvaṇa’s minister Mālyavant lamenting the
failure of his scheme to win Sītā. Çūrpaṇakhā arrives from Videha and
tells of the union of Rāma and Sītā. Mālyavant recognizes that Rāvaṇa
will insist on seeking to separate the pair, and he counsels Çūrpaṇakhā
to assume the disguise of Mantharā, the maid of Kaikeyī, with the view
of securing the banishment of Rāma to the forest, where he will be more
vulnerable to attack. He is also cheered by the news given by
Çūrpaṇakhā of the approach of Paraçurāma to Mithilā, whence some gain
may accrue to his cause. The following scene shows us Rāma and
Paraçurāma in verbal contest; Rāma is even more polite than in the
Mahāvīracarita which is obviously imitated, while the friends of Rāma
carry on a vituperative dialogue behind the scene without actually
appearing. Finally they resolve to fight, for Rāma has annoyed his
rival by reminding him that the flag of his fame won by his destruction
of the Kṣatriyas is worn out and challenging him to mount a new one.
The fight itself takes place off the stage; Sītā, we learn from a voice
behind the scenes, is apprehensive lest Rāma be drawing again his bow
to win another maiden. The rivals then appear on excellent terms;
Paraçurāma exchanges farewells with his former interlocutors and
disappears. Then enter Janaka and Daçaratha. The latter is determined
to resign his kingdom to Rāma, but Lakṣmaṇa enters introducing Mantharā
who bears a fatal missive from Kaikeyī, bidding the king grant the two
boons of the banishment of Rāma and the coronation of Bharata. The
kings faint; Rāma sends Lakṣmaṇa to tell Sītā, and commends his father
to Janaka.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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