The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practiceKeith, Arthur Berriedale
History
The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practice
Keith, Arthur Berriedale
Sanskrit drama -- History and criticism
The play is typical of the later drama; its one merit is Act V where
the spectacle of the river goddesses grouped round the ocean affords
admirable scope for an effective tableau, but it is wholly out of
harmony with dramatic action. As usual, the author is fond of the long
metres, though the Vasantatilaka is his favourite; then comes the
Çārdūlavikrīḍita, Çloka, Çikhariṇī, and Sragdharā, while he shows
decided fondness for the Svāgatā, which occurs a few times in
Rājaçekhara and the Mahānāṭaka, but is not employed in the earlier
drama. The drama is superior in merit to the other very popular Rāma
drama, the Jānakīpariṇaya [501] by Rāmabhadra Dīkṣita, who flourished
and wrote many bad works at the end of the seventeenth century. The
number of Rāma dramas already known is enormous; any one of merit
appears still to be unearthed. The commentary on the Daçarūpa knows a
Chalitarāma which would probably date before A.D. 1000, but its
preservation is problematical. The Adbhutadarpaṇa [502] of Mahādeva,
son of Kṛṣṇa Sūri, a contemporary of Rāmabhadra Dīkṣita, shows
Jayadeva’s influence in that it presents the events at Lan̄kā as
happening by means of a magic mirror. Its ten acts cover only the
period from An̄gada’s mission to Rāvaṇa to the coronation of Rāma, and
it introduces, contrary to the rule in Rāma dramas, the figure of the
Vidūṣaka.
The Kṛṣṇa legend naturally attracted not less note; the Kerala prince
Ravivarman, born in A.D. 1266, is the author of a Pradyumnābhyudaya.
[503] The minister of Husain Shāh Rūpa Gosvāmin wrote about A.D. 1532
the Vidagdhamādhava [504] and the Lalitamādhava [505] in seven and ten
Acts respectively on the theme of the loves of Kṛṣṇa and Rādhā, in
pursuance of his eager support of the movement of Caitanya. For the son
of Ṭodar Mall, Akbar’s minister, Çeṣa Kṛṣṇa wrote the Kaṅsavadha [506]
which in seven Acts covers the ground of Bhāsa’s Bālacarita, as well as
other plays on the Rāma legend. The winning of Rukmiṇī by Kṛṣṇa is the
theme of the Rukmiṇīpariṇaya [507] by Rāmavarman of Travancore
(1735–87), and Kṛṣṇa’s generosity to a poor friend, though in a
surprising shape, is recounted by Sāmarāja Dīkṣita in the Çrīdāmacarita
[508] written in A.D. 1681.
The number of dramas based on the Mahābhārata is decidedly smaller. We
have not the Citrabhārata of the indefatigable Kṣemendra of Kashmir,
who wrote in the middle of the eleventh century. But from that century
probably are the Subhadrādhanaṁjaya and Tapatīsaṁvaraṇa [509] of the
Kerala king Kulaçekharavarman, and from about A.D. 1200 the
Pārthaparākrama, [510] a Vyāyoga, to be discussed hereafter, of
Prahlādanadeva, a Yuvarāja, brother of Dhārāvarṣa, lord of Candrāvatī.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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