The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practiceKeith, Arthur Berriedale
History
The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practice
Keith, Arthur Berriedale
Sanskrit drama -- History and criticism
The drama suffered also from its close dependence on the epic, and the
failure of the poets to recognize that the epic subjects were often as
a whole undramatic. Hence frequently, as in the vast majority of the
Rāma dramas and those based on the Mahābhārata, we have nothing but the
recasting of the epic narrative into a semi-dramatic form, without real
dramatic structure. There was nothing in the theory to hint at the
error of such a course; on the contrary, to the poets the subject was
one admirably suitable, since in itself it suggested the appropriate
sentiments, and therefore left them merely the duty of heightening the
effects. This led on the high road to the outward signs of the
degradation of the drama, the abandoning of any interest in anything
save the production of lyric or narrative stanzas of perfection of
form, judged in accordance with a taste which progressively declined
into a rejection of simplicity and the search for what was recondite.
To the later poets the drama is an exercise in style, and that, as
contrasted with the highest products of Indian literature, a fantastic
and degraded one.
To the Brahmin ideal individuality has no appeal; the law of life has
no room for deviation from type; the caste system is rigid, and for
each rank in life there is a definite round of duties, whence departure
is undesirable and dangerous. The drama likewise has no desire for
individual figures, but only for typical characters. The defect from
the Aristotelian as from the modern point of view of the Rāma dramas is
simply that Rāma is conceived as an ideal, a man without faults, and
therefore for us lacking in the essential traits of humanity.
Similarly, in the style of the drama we are denied any differentiation
of individuals as contrasted with classes. The divergence in the use of
Sanskrit or Prākrit, and in the different kinds of Prākrit, marks the
essential distinction of men and women, and of those of high and those
of humble rank, but beyond this characterization does not go. We are
treated to an artificial court speech, which assorts with stereotyped
emotions, refined, elegant, sentimental, rich in the compliments of
court gallantly, often pathetic, marked with a distinct strain of
philosophical commonplace, and fond of suggested meanings and double
entendres, hinting at the events yet to come. But the dramatists made
no serious attempt to create individual characters, and to assign to
them a speech of their own; they vary greatly in merit as regards
characterization, but even the best dramas paint types, not
individuals.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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