The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practiceKeith, Arthur Berriedale
History
The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practice
Keith, Arthur Berriedale
Sanskrit drama -- History and criticism
The religious importance of the drama is seen distinctly in the
attitude of the Buddhists towards it. [77] The extreme dubiety of the
date of the Buddhist Suttas renders it impossible to come to any
satisfactory decision regarding the existence of drama at any early
date, while the terms employed, such as Visūkadassana, Nacca, and
Pekkhā, and the reference to Samajjas leave us wholly without any
ground for belief in an actual drama. We see, however, that the
objection of the sacred Canon to monks engaging in the amusement of
watching these shows, whatever their nature, was gradually overcome,
and it is an important fact that the earliest dramas known to us by
fragments are the Buddhist dramas of Açvaghoṣa. With the acceptance of
the drama, the Lalitavistara [78] does not hesitate to speak of the
Buddha as including knowledge of the drama as among his
accomplishments; the Buddha is even called one who has entered to gaze
on the drama of the Great Law. The legend is willing to admit that even
in Buddha’s time there were dramas, for Bimbisāra had one performed in
honour of a pair of Nāga kings, [79] and the Avadānaçataka, [80] a
collection of pious tales, places the drama in remote antiquity. It was
performed by the bidding of Krakucchanda, a far distant Buddha in the
city Çobhāvatī by a troupe of actors; the director undertook the rôle
of the Buddha himself, while the other members of the troupe took the
rôle of monks; the same troupe in a later age, under Gautama the Buddha
himself, performed at Rājagṛha, the actress Kuvalayā gaining enormous
fame, and seducing the monks, until the Buddha terminated her career by
turning her into a hideous old woman. She then repented and attained
the rank of a saint. The same idea of a play bearing on the life of the
Buddha himself is preserved in another tale in Tibet where an actor
from the south sets up in rivalry with the monks in giving
representations of the life of the Buddha. These Buddhist dramas have
left their imprint on the form of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka, the Lotus of
the Good Law, itself, which has none of the epic character of the
Lalitavistara, but is presented as a series of dialogues in which the
Buddha himself, now supernatural, is the chief, but not the only
interlocutor. The same love of the Buddhists for artistic effects is
seen in the use of music, song, dance, and some scenic effects in the
ceremonial attaching to the foundation of Thūpas in Ceylon by a prince
of the royal house; the Mahāvaṅsa assumes that dramas were displayed on
such occasions, though this may be an anachronism. The frescoes of
Ajantā show the keen appreciation felt for music, song, and the dance,
though they date from a time when there is certain evidence of the full
existence of the drama. We find also in Tibet [81] the relics of
ancient popular religious plays in the contests between the spirits of
good and those of evil for mankind, which are part of the spring and
autumn festivals.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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