The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practiceKeith, Arthur Berriedale
History
The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practice
Keith, Arthur Berriedale
Sanskrit drama -- History and criticism
It is held by Windisch that the New Attic Comedy, which flourished from
340–260 B.C., must be deemed the source of influence on Indian drama;
the fact that no mention of this comedy is specifically made in the few
notices we have of drama in the east is doubtless not of importance. On
the other hand, we know that Alexandria under the Lagidai became a
great centre of Greek learning, and that between Alexandria and
Ujjayinī through the port of Barygaza [121] there was a brisk exchange
of trade which may have aided in intellectual contact, [122] perhaps
especially in the period when Menander’s conquests gave Greek products
of every sort a special vogue. The new comedy by its making its subject
of the everyday life of man was far more suited than any other form of
drama to attract imitation.
The actual points of contact between the New Comedy and the Sanskrit
drama are, however, scanty. The division of both the Roman drama [123]
and the Sanskrit into acts, distinguished by the departure of all the
actors from the stage and the number of five as normal, though often
exceeded in India, are facts which need not be more than casual
coincidences: the divisions in the Sanskrit drama rest on an analysis
of the action which is not recorded in Greece or Rome. There is
similarity in the scenic conventions, in the asides, in the entry and
exit of characters, more notably in the practice that the advent of a
new character is usually expressly notified to the audience by a remark
from one of the actors already on the stage. But these are all matters
which must almost inevitably coincide in theatrical performances
produced under approximately similar conditions. Even in the modern
theatre with its programmes the necessity of indicating at once the
identity of the new comers to the stage is keenly felt.
More value attaches to the argument from the use of Yavanikā, [124] or
its Prākrit form Javanikā, for the name of the curtain which covered
the tiring room and formed the background of the stage. The word
primarily is an adjective meaning Ionian, the Greeks with whom India
first came into contact. But it was not confined to what was Greek in
the strict sense of the word; it applies to anything connected with the
Hellenized Persian Empire, Egypt, Syria, Bactria, and it therefore
cannot be rigidly limited to what is Greek. As applied to the curtain
it is an adjective, and describes doubtless the material of the curtain
(paṭī, apaṭī) as foreign, possibly as Lévi suggests, Persian tapestry
brought to India by Greek ships and merchants. The word Yavanikā has no
special application to the curtain of the theatre, as would be the
case, if it were borrowed as a detail of stage arrangement from Greece.
Nor in fact was there any curtain in the case of Greek drama, so far as
is known, from which it could be borrowed; Windisch’s contention merely
was that the curtain was called Greek because it took the place of the
painted scenery at the back of the Greek stage.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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