The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practiceKeith, Arthur Berriedale
History
The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practice
Keith, Arthur Berriedale
Sanskrit drama -- History and criticism
The entr’acte before Act III tells us in the mouths of the herdsmen of
their joys since Kṛṣṇa came to live with them, and an old man relates
in a long Prākrit speech his wonderful deeds, including the destruction
of the demons, Pūtanā, Çakaṭa, Yamala and Arjuna, Pralamba, Dhenuka,
and Keçin. We are told then that Kṛṣṇa or Dāmodara, the name won from
an adventure, has gone to the Vṛndā wood for the Hallīçaka dance; the
dance is performed by Dāmodara, his friends, and the maidens, to the
music of the drum and to song. The advent of the demon Ariṣṭa is
announced; Dāmodara bids the maidens and herdsmen mount a hill, and
watch the struggle. It proves unequal; the bull demon recognizes the
superiority of his foe, and that he is Viṣṇu himself, and meets death
with resignation. The victory accomplished, the news is brought of a
new danger, the snake Kāliya has appeared on the Yamunā bank, menacing
cows and Brahmins. Act IV shows us the maidens seeking to restrain
Kṛṣṇa from the new struggle, but he persists and overcomes the demon,
plunging into the waters to grapple with him. He brings him out, learns
that he had entered the waters in fear of Garuḍa who slays snakes at
pleasure, makes him promise to spare cows and Brahmins, and puts on him
a mark that Garuḍa must respect. A herald then enters to challenge
Dāmodara and his brother Balarāma to the festival of the boys at
Mathurā.
Act V shows us Kaṅsa plotting the overthrow of the youths. A herald
reports the arrival of Dāmodara, and his great feats of strength, the
mocking of the elephant let loose on him, the making straight of a
female dwarf, the breaking of the bow of the guardsman. The king orders
at once the boxing to begin; Kṛṣṇa, however, easily overcomes Muṣṭika
and Cāṇūra, the king’s chosen champions, and completes his victory by a
sudden onslaught which leaves the king dead. His soldiers would avenge
him, but Vasudeva announces Kṛṣṇa’s identity with Viṣṇu, and appoints
Ugrasena king in Kaṅsa’s place, freeing him from the confinement in
which his son had placed him. Nārada with Apsarases and Gandharvas
appears to glorify Kṛṣṇa, who graciously permits Nārada to return to
heaven, and a benediction, spoken apparently by the actor, closes the
play.
The precise source of the drama is unknown; it differs in detail widely
from the stories of Kṛṣṇa in the Harivaṅça, Viṣṇu, and Bhāgavata
Purāṇas, but none of these works, as we have it, is probably older than
Bhāsa. The erotic element, which is so closely associated with Kṛṣṇa in
later tradition, is lacking here as in the Harivaṅça and the Viṣṇu
Purāṇa, and similarly the figure of Rādhā is missing.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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