The Saxons in England, Volume 1 (of 2): A history of the English commonwealth till the period of the Norman conquestKemble, John Mitchell
History
The Saxons in England, Volume 1 (of 2): A history of the English commonwealth till the period of the Norman conquest
Kemble, John Mitchell
Great Britain -- History -- Anglo-Saxon period, 449-1066
“The Geneát-right is various, according to the custom of the land. In
some places he must pay landgafol, and a grass-swine yearly; ride and
carry, lead load; work and feed his lord[599]; reap and mow; hew
deer-hedge and hold _sæte_[600]; build and enclose the burh [or
mansion]; make new roads to the farm; pay church-shot and alms-fee; hold
headward and horseward; go on errand, far or near, whithersoever he is
directed.” This is comparatively free, and it is only to be regretted
that we do not know what amount of land in general could be obtained at
such a rent. We next come to the Cotsetlan, whom Ælfred in a passage
already cited states to be on lǽnland, and who are obviously poor
freemen, suffered to settle on the lord’s estate.
“The Cotsettler’s right is according to the custom. In some places he
must work for the lord, every Monday throughout the year; or three days
every week in harvest; he need pay no landgafol. He ought to have five
acres; more if it be the custom. And if it be less, it is all too
little, for his service is often called upon. He must pay his
hearth-penny on holy Thursday[601] as it behoves every freeman to do;
and he must acquit[602] his lord’s inland, on summons, at seaward and at
the king’s deer-hedge[603]; and at such things as are in his competence:
and let him pay his church-shot at Martinmas.
“The customs of the Gebúr are very various; in some places they are
heavy, but in some moderate. In some places it is usual that he shall do
two days week-work, whatever work may be commanded him, every week
throughout the year; and three days week-work in harvest, and three from
Candlemas to Easter. If he carries[604], he need not work himself as
long as his horse is out. He must pay at Michaelmas ten gafol-pence, and
at Martinmas twenty-three sesters of barley, and two hens[605]; at
Easter one young sheep or two pence; and he shall lie out from Martinmas
till Easter at the lord’s fold[606]; and from the time when the plough
is first put in till Martinmas, he shall plough one acre every week, and
make ready the seed in the lord’s barn: moreover three acres on request,
and two of grass-ploughing[607]. If he require more grass, let him earn
it on such conditions as he may. For his rent-ploughing [gafolyrð] he
shall plough three acres and sow them from his own barn; and pay his
hearth-penny; and two and two shall feed one stag-hound; and each gebúr
shall give six loaves to the inswán [that is, the swain or swineherd of
the demesne] when he drives his herds to the mast. In the same land
where these conditions prevail, the gebúr has a right, towards first
stocking his land, to receive two oxen, one cow and six sheep, and seven
acres in his yard of land, ready sown. After the first year let him do
all the customs which belong to him; and he is to be supplied with tools
for his work, and furniture for his house. When he dies, let his lord
look after what he leaves.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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