Canterbury:— Ælfsige. Flor. Wig. an. 959. Dúnstán. Flor. Wig. an. 960. Sigeríc. Chron. Sax. an. 990. Ælfríc. Chron. Sax. an. 995. Ælfheáh. Chron. Sax. an. 1007. Æðelnóð. Chron. Sax. an. 1022. Flor. Wig. an. 1022. Rodbyrht. Chron. Sax. an. 1048. York:— Ælfríc. Chron. Sax. an. 1026. Flor. Wig. an. 1026. Aldred. Rog. Wend. i. 502. an. 1061. Wendover states that when Offa determined to erect Lichfield into an archbishopric, he sent to Pope Adrian for a pall; and that the pall was accordingly dispatched, Rog. Wend. i. 138. The avarice of the Roman See was thus fed fat: but the inconveniences were felt to be so intolerable, that in 1031 Cnut made them the subject of an especial remonstrance to the Pope. In his letter to the Witan of England he says, writing from Rome:—“Conquestus sum iterum coram domino papa et mihi valde displicere causabar, quod mei archiepiscopi in tantum angariabantur immensitate pecuniarum quae ab eis expetebatur, dum pro pallio accipiendo, secundum morem, apostolicam sedem peterent; decretumque est ne ita deinceps fieret.” Epist. Cnut. apud Flor. Wig. 1031. The question is not whether the Roman See had a right to make a demand, but whether—usurpation or not—it was acquiesced in and admitted by the Anglosaxon church; and on that point there can be no dispute. ----- Although these facts will not suffice to establish that sort of dependence _de iure_, which zealous Papal partizans have asserted as the normal condition of the English church, they do indisputably prove that the example, advice and authority of the See of Rome were very highly regarded among our forefathers. It was impossible that it should be otherwise; and there is not the slightest doubt that—despite the Keltic clergy—the Anglosaxon church looked with affection and respect to Rome as the source of its own being. Respect and high regard were paid to Rome in Gaul long before Theodore; but not such submission as our countrymen, less acquainted no doubt with their danger, were zealous to pay. Indeed, when we consider the position of the Roman See towards the North of Europe, during the interval from the commencement of the seventh till that of the ninth century, we can scarcely escape from the conclusion that England was the great basis of papal operations, and the ποῦ στῶ from which Rome moved her world. In the ninth century a continental author calls the English “maxime familiares apostolicae sedis[860],” and in the tenth century it was unquestionably England that made the greatest progress, even if it did not take the initiative with regard to the revival of monachism and the great question of clerical celibacy. In short, throughout, the most energetic and successful missionaries of Rome were Englishmen. ----- Footnote 860: